diff --git a/001 - Introduction of Reading.module b/001 - Introduction of Reading.module index 8336440..56f0ea7 100644 --- a/001 - Introduction of Reading.module +++ b/001 - Introduction of Reading.module @@ -13,91 +13,91 @@ $LESSON Section 1: Vowels a, e, i, o, u $GRAMMAR Vowel Pronunciation Rules INTRO: Let's learn about the basic German vowels: a, e, i, o, and u. -**a.** The letter {a} stands for short {a} or long {a}. +**a.** The letter "{a}" stands for short "{a}" or long "{a}". -It stands for short {a} in: +It stands for short "{a}" in: - {als} - {fast} - {Garten} -It stands for long {a} in: +It stands for long "{a}" in: - {da} - {Rat} - {fragen} -{ah} and {aa} always stand for long {a}: +"{ah}" and "{aa}" always stand for long "{a}": - {nah}, {lahm}, {Bahn} - {Maat}, {Paar}, {Saal} -**b.** The letter {e} stands for extra-short {e}, short {e}, or long {e}. +**b.** The letter "{e}" stands for extra-short "{e}", short "{e}", or long "{e}". -It stands for extra-short {e} in (occurs only in unstressed syllables): +It stands for extra-short "{e}" in (occurs only in unstressed syllables): - {habe} - {bekannt} - {getan} -It stands for short {e} in: +It stands for short "{e}" in: - {elf} - {denn} - {nett} - {rennt} - {fest} -It stands for long {e} in: +It stands for long "{e}" in: - {den} - {leben} - {Feder} -{eh} and {ee} always stand for long {e}: +"{eh}" and "{ee}" always stand for long "{e}": - {Reh}, {geht}, {fehlt} - {Tee}, {Beet}, {Meer} -**c.** The letter {i} stands for short {i} and long {i}. +**c.** The letter "{i}" stands for short "{i}" and long "{i}". -It stands for short {i} in: +It stands for short "{i}" in: - {ist} - {Hilfe} - {bitte} -It stands for long {i} in: +It stands for long "{i}" in: - {Igel} - {Bibel} - {Tiger} -{ie}, {ih}, and {ieh} always stand for long {i}: +"{ie}", "{ih}", and "{ieh}" always stand for long "{i}": - {die}, {lieber}, {fliegen} - {ihm}, {ihnen}, {ihre} - {sieht}, {fliehen}, {empfiehlt} -**d.** The letter {o} stands for short {o} and long {o}. +**d.** The letter "{o}" stands for short "{o}" and long "{o}". -It stands for short {o} in: +It stands for short "{o}" in: - {oft} - {konnte} - {Posten} -It stands for long {o} in: +It stands for long "{o}" in: - {oder} - {tot} - {loben} -{oh} and {oo} always stand for long {o}: +"{oh}" and "{oo}" always stand for long "{o}": - {roh}, {Sohn}, {Kohle} - {Boot}, {Moos}, {Moor} -**e.** The letter {u} stands for short {u} and long {u}. +**e.** The letter "{u}" stands for short "{u}" and long "{u}". -It stands for short {u} in: +It stands for short "{u}" in: - {bunt} - {Butter} - {drucken} -It stands for long {u} in: +It stands for long "{u}" in: - {tun} - {nur} - {guten} -{uh} always stands for long {u}: +{uh} always stands for long "{u}": - {Kuh}, {Uhr}, {ruht} $DIALOGUE Sight Reading Exercise 1 diff --git a/006 - Lesson 05 - In the Classroom.module b/006 - Lesson 05 - In the Classroom.module index 8428219..b5da753 100644 --- a/006 - Lesson 05 - In the Classroom.module +++ b/006 - Lesson 05 - In the Classroom.module @@ -36,10 +36,10 @@ In stating a person's occupation, nationality, religion, rank, station, office, - {Ich bin Unteroffizier.} - {Feldwebel Krause ist Klassenältester.} -$LESSON Section 2: Pronunciation - Long {A} +$LESSON Section 2: Pronunciation - Long "{A}" -$DIALOGUE Listening Exercise: Long {a} -INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following words with the long {a} sound. +$DIALOGUE Listening Exercise: Long "{a}" +INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following words with the long "{a}" sound. LINE: aber LINE: da @@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ LINE: schade LINE: Glas LINE: haben -$DIALOGUE Discrimination Exercise: Long {a} -INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following pairs. Notice which word contains the long {a} sound. +$DIALOGUE Discrimination Exercise: Long "{a}" +INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following pairs. Notice which word contains the long "{a}" sound. LINE: wählen - Wahlen LINE: kam - Kamm @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ LINE: Haken - hacken LINE: beten - baten LINE: lasen - lösen -$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Long {a} +$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Long "{a}" INSTRUCTION: Repeat the following words after the prompt. EXAMPLE @@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ RESPONSE: mahnt PROMPT: Hase RESPONSE: Hase -$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Long {a} +$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Long "{a}" INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each word with correct pronunciation. EXAMPLE @@ -117,10 +117,10 @@ RESPONSE: Kappe PROMPT: Gabel RESPONSE: Gabel -$LESSON Section 3: Pronunciation - Short {A} +$LESSON Section 3: Pronunciation - Short "{A}" -$DIALOGUE Listening Exercise: Short {a} -INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following words with the short {a} sound. +$DIALOGUE Listening Exercise: Short "{a}" +INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following words with the short "{a}" sound. LINE: was LINE: lang @@ -130,8 +130,8 @@ LINE: hast LINE: Blatt LINE: Klasse -$DIALOGUE Discrimination Exercise: Short {a} -INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following pairs. Notice which word contains the short {a} sound. +$DIALOGUE Discrimination Exercise: Short "{a}" +INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following pairs. Notice which word contains the short "{a}" sound. LINE: Haft - Heft LINE: Bahnen - bannen @@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ LINE: glatte - Glätte LINE: lochen - lachen LINE: kann - Kahn -$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Short {a} +$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Short "{a}" INSTRUCTION: Repeat the following words after the prompt. EXAMPLE @@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ RESPONSE: Watte PROMPT: Platz RESPONSE: Platz -$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Short {a} +$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Short "{a}" INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each word with correct pronunciation. EXAMPLE @@ -198,9 +198,9 @@ RESPONSE: dankt PROMPT: glatten RESPONSE: glatten -$LESSON Section 4: Pronunciation - Minimal Pairs and Unstressed {A} +$LESSON Section 4: Pronunciation - Minimal Pairs and Unstressed "{A}" -$EXERCISE Minimal Pair Drill: Short {a} vs Long {a} +$EXERCISE Minimal Pair Drill: Short "{a}" vs Long "{a}" INSTRUCTION: Repeat the minimal pairs. EXAMPLE @@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ RESPONSE: lag PROMPT: Last RESPONSE: lasst -$EXERCISE Minimal Pair Drill: Long {a} vs Short {a} +$EXERCISE Minimal Pair Drill: Long "{a}" vs Short "{a}" INSTRUCTION: Repeat the minimal pairs. EXAMPLE @@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ RESPONSE: fanden PROMPT: ermahnen RESPONSE: ermannen -$DIALOGUE Listening Exercise: Short {a} in Unstressed Syllables +$DIALOGUE Listening Exercise: Short "{a}" in Unstressed Syllables INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following words. LINE: Kabine @@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ LINE: natürlich LINE: einsam LINE: Papier -$DIALOGUE Discrimination Exercise: Short {a} in Unstressed Syllables +$DIALOGUE Discrimination Exercise: Short "{a}" in Unstressed Syllables INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following pairs and notice the German pronunciation. LINE: highland - Heiland @@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ LINE: Kanada - Canada LINE: Finland - Finnland LINE: America - Amerika -$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Short {a} in Unstressed Syllables +$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Short "{a}" in Unstressed Syllables INSTRUCTION: Repeat the following words after the prompt. EXAMPLE @@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ RESPONSE: Barras PROMPT: Hauptmann RESPONSE: Hauptmann -$EXERCISE Minimal Pair Drill: Unstressed {a} +$EXERCISE Minimal Pair Drill: Unstressed "{a}" INSTRUCTION: Repeat the following minimal pairs. EXAMPLE @@ -528,8 +528,8 @@ RESPONSE: Gestern. $LESSON Section 8: Reinforcement Drills - Pronunciation -$EXERCISE Long {a}: Production in isolated words -INSTRUCTION: Substitute the long {a} sound for the first vowel sound in the word you hear. +$EXERCISE Long "{a}": Production in isolated words +INSTRUCTION: Substitute the long "{a}" sound for the first vowel sound in the word you hear. EXAMPLE PROMPT: ohne @@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ RESPONSE: lagen PROMPT: Masse RESPONSE: Maße -$EXERCISE Long {a}: Production in sentences +$EXERCISE Long "{a}": Production in sentences INSTRUCTION: Repeat the sentences exactly as you hear them. PROMPT: Haben Sie einen Wagen? @@ -583,8 +583,8 @@ RESPONSE: Das Schiff lag im Hafen. PROMPT: Sie bat um ein Glas Wasser. RESPONSE: Sie bat um ein Glas Wasser. -$EXERCISE Short {a}: Production in isolated words -INSTRUCTION: Substitute the short {a} sound for the first vowel sound in the word you hear. +$EXERCISE Short "{a}": Production in isolated words +INSTRUCTION: Substitute the short "{a}" sound for the first vowel sound in the word you hear. EXAMPLE PROMPT: Esche @@ -611,7 +611,7 @@ RESPONSE: Dach PROMPT: Hölle RESPONSE: Halle -$EXERCISE Short {a}: Production in sentences +$EXERCISE Short "{a}": Production in sentences INSTRUCTION: Repeat the sentences exactly as you hear them. PROMPT: Er machte mir Platz. @@ -638,7 +638,7 @@ RESPONSE: Meine Tante hat eine Katze. PROMPT: Ich wasche mich mit kaltem Wasser. RESPONSE: Ich wasche mich mit kaltem Wasser. -$EXERCISE Short {a} in unstressed syllables: Production in isolated words +$EXERCISE Short "{a}" in unstressed syllables: Production in isolated words INSTRUCTION: Repeat the words exactly as you hear them. PROMPT: Kabine @@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ RESPONSE: Thomas PROMPT: Kamel RESPONSE: Kamel -$EXERCISE Short {a} in unstressed syllables: Production in sentences +$EXERCISE Short "{a}" in unstressed syllables: Production in sentences INSTRUCTION: Repeat the sentences exactly as you hear them. PROMPT: Die Maschine ist kaputt. diff --git a/007 - Lesson 06 - Asking for Directions.module b/007 - Lesson 06 - Asking for Directions.module index 4dd49cf..76c696d 100644 --- a/007 - Lesson 06 - Asking for Directions.module +++ b/007 - Lesson 06 - Asking for Directions.module @@ -44,11 +44,11 @@ The words "der", "das", "die" sometimes take the place of "er", "es", "sie", emp {Der Mann kennt übrigens Doktor Hagemann gut; der ist nämlich sein Arzt.} -Also covered in this lesson is the German sound {o}, which can be both long and short. +Also covered in this lesson is the German sound "{o}", which can be both long and short. -$LESSON Section 2: Pronunciation - Long {o} -$DIALOGUE Listening Exercise: Long {o} -INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following words focusing on the long {o} sound. +$LESSON Section 2: Pronunciation - Long "{o}" +$DIALOGUE Listening Exercise: Long "{o}" +INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following words focusing on the long "{o}" sound. LINE: oder LINE: so @@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ LINE: Kohle LINE: Mond LINE: verboten -$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Long {o} -INTRO: Practice the following words with the long {o} sound. +$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Long "{o}" +INTRO: Practice the following words with the long "{o}" sound. INSTRUCTION: Listen to each word and repeat it with correct German pronunciation. PROMPT: schon @@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ RESPONSE: Kot PROMPT: Sohn RESPONSE: Sohn -$DIALOGUE Repetition Drill: Long {o} +$DIALOGUE Repetition Drill: Long "{o}" INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each word. LINE: wo @@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ LINE: Gebot LINE: betonen LINE: Telefon -$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Long {o} +$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Long "{o}" INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each word with correct pronunciation. EXAMPLE @@ -125,9 +125,9 @@ RESPONSE: Omen PROMPT: gotisch RESPONSE: gotisch -$LESSON Section 3: Pronunciation - Short {o} -$DIALOGUE Listening Exercise: Short {o} -INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following words focusing on the short {o} sound. +$LESSON Section 3: Pronunciation - Short "{o}" +$DIALOGUE Listening Exercise: Short "{o}" +INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following words focusing on the short "{o}" sound. LINE: offen LINE: Sonne @@ -137,8 +137,8 @@ LINE: kosten LINE: Politik LINE: Geschoss -$EXERCISE Discrimination Exercise: Short {o} -INSTRUCTION: In each pair, identify the word with the short {o} sound by saying 1 or 2. +$EXERCISE Discrimination Exercise: Short "{o}" +INSTRUCTION: In each pair, identify the word with the short "{o}" sound by saying 1 or 2. PROMPT: 1. kosten, 2. Schoss RESPONSE: 1 @@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ RESPONSE: 2 PROMPT: 1. floss, 2. rote, 3. konnte RESPONSE: 3 -$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Short {o} +$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Short "{o}" INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each word with correct pronunciation. EXAMPLE @@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ RESPONSE: Block PROMPT: komm RESPONSE: komm -$DIALOGUE Repetition Drill: Short {o} +$DIALOGUE Repetition Drill: Short "{o}" INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each word. LINE: Most @@ -198,8 +198,8 @@ LINE: sollen LINE: Sonntag LINE: gekommen -$EXERCISE Minimal Pair Drill: Short {o} to Long {o} -INSTRUCTION: Listen to the word with a short {o} and produce the corresponding word with a long {o}. +$EXERCISE Minimal Pair Drill: Short "{o}" to Long "{o}" +INSTRUCTION: Listen to the word with a short "{o}" and produce the corresponding word with a long "{o}". EXAMPLE PROMPT: offen @@ -226,8 +226,8 @@ RESPONSE: Tone PROMPT: hold RESPONSE: holt -$EXERCISE Minimal Pair Drill: Long {o} to Short {o} -INSTRUCTION: Listen to the word with a long {o} and produce the corresponding word with a short {o}. +$EXERCISE Minimal Pair Drill: Long "{o}" to Short "{o}" +INSTRUCTION: Listen to the word with a long "{o}" and produce the corresponding word with a short "{o}". EXAMPLE PROMPT: Sohne @@ -459,8 +459,8 @@ PROMPT: Haben Sie auch einen Hausarzt? RESPONSE: Ja. $LESSON Section 7: Reinforcement Drills -$EXERCISE Pronunciation: Long {o} in isolated words -INSTRUCTION: Substitute the long {o} sound for the first vowel sound in the word you hear. +$EXERCISE Pronunciation: Long "{o}" in isolated words +INSTRUCTION: Substitute the long "{o}" sound for the first vowel sound in the word you hear. EXAMPLE PROMPT: las @@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ RESPONSE: Bog PROMPT: Waage RESPONSE: Woge -$DIALOGUE Pronunciation: Long {o} in sentences +$DIALOGUE Pronunciation: Long "{o}" in sentences INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat the sentences. LINE: Wo ist der Bahnhof? @@ -500,8 +500,8 @@ LINE: Sie lobten den Chor. LINE: Er wohnt gleich am Dom. LINE: Beethoven vertonte die Ode. -$EXERCISE Pronunciation: Short {o} in isolated words -INSTRUCTION: Substitute the short {o} sound for the first vowel sound in the word you hear. +$EXERCISE Pronunciation: Short "{o}" in isolated words +INSTRUCTION: Substitute the short "{o}" sound for the first vowel sound in the word you hear. EXAMPLE PROMPT: Mast @@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ RESPONSE: Komma PROMPT: wachen RESPONSE: Wochen -$DIALOGUE Pronunciation: Short {o} in sentences +$DIALOGUE Pronunciation: Short "{o}" in sentences INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat the sentences. LINE: Wir wollen es hoffen. diff --git a/010 - Lesson 09 - An Invitation to Dinner.module b/010 - Lesson 09 - An Invitation to Dinner.module index dc6f664..eb7ef3d 100644 --- a/010 - Lesson 09 - An Invitation to Dinner.module +++ b/010 - Lesson 09 - An Invitation to Dinner.module @@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ INTRO: Here are some cultural notes regarding formal address in German. $LESSON Section 2: Pronunciation -$DIALOGUE Long {e} Listening Exercise -INSTRUCTION: Listen to the pronunciation of the long {e} sound. +$DIALOGUE Long "{e}" Listening Exercise +INSTRUCTION: Listen to the pronunciation of the long "{e}" sound. LINE: eben LINE: Tee @@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ LINE: lesen LINE: nehmen LINE: vergeben -$DIALOGUE Long {e} Discrimination Exercise -INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following German words with the long {e} sound. +$DIALOGUE Long "{e}" Discrimination Exercise +INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following German words with the long "{e}" sound. LINE: Klee LINE: geht @@ -84,12 +84,12 @@ LINE: leg LINE: Leber LINE: laden -$GRAMMAR Articulation Exercise: long {e} +$GRAMMAR Articulation Exercise: long "{e}" INSTRUCTION: Read the articulation instructions. -To produce the German long {e}, open your mouth slightly and position your tongue relatively high and forward in the mouth. The lips should be slightly spread (not rounded). The key is to keep the sound pure and steady — do not let your tongue glide upward at the end. The result should be the German exclamation {he!}. Isolate the long {e} sound and pronounce it a number of times by itself. +To produce the German long "{e}", open your mouth slightly and position your tongue relatively high and forward in the mouth. The lips should be slightly spread (not rounded). The key is to keep the sound pure and steady — do not let your tongue glide upward at the end. The result should be the German exclamation {he!}. Isolate the long "{e}" sound and pronounce it a number of times by itself. -$EXERCISE Long {e} Repetition Drill +$EXERCISE Long "{e}" Repetition Drill INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat the German words. PROMPT: Fee @@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ RESPONSE: Käse PROMPT: nehmen RESPONSE: nehmen -$EXERCISE Long {e} Contrastive Pair Drill +$EXERCISE Long "{e}" Contrastive Pair Drill INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each word. PROMPT: geh @@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ RESPONSE: Theken PROMPT: gebt RESPONSE: gebt -$EXERCISE Long {e} Minimal Pair Drill +$EXERCISE Long "{e}" Minimal Pair Drill INSTRUCTION: Listen to the prompt and repeat the German word. EXAMPLE @@ -171,8 +171,8 @@ RESPONSE: lest PROMPT: Vetter RESPONSE: Väter -$DIALOGUE Final short {e} Listening Exercise -INSTRUCTION: Listen to the pronunciation of the final short {e} sound. +$DIALOGUE Final short "{e}" Listening Exercise +INSTRUCTION: Listen to the pronunciation of the final short "{e}" sound. LINE: Binde LINE: Marke @@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ LINE: lese LINE: seine LINE: baue -$DIALOGUE Final short {e} Discrimination Exercise +$DIALOGUE Final short "{e}" Discrimination Exercise INSTRUCTION: Listen to these pairs. Notice the difference between the final sounds. LINE: Lasso - lasse @@ -194,12 +194,12 @@ LINE: rosa - Rose LINE: Motte - Motto LINE: Gotha - Gote -$GRAMMAR Articulation Exercise: Final short {e} +$GRAMMAR Articulation Exercise: Final short "{e}" INSTRUCTION: Read the articulation instructions. -The final short {e} (called "Schwa") is a very brief, relaxed, neutral vowel. To produce it, relax your mouth completely and produce a very short, unstressed "uh" sound. Listen to the word {Scheine} — the final -e is this brief, neutral sound. Isolate it and pronounce it a number of times by itself. +The final short "{e}" (called "Schwa") is a very brief, relaxed, neutral vowel. To produce it, relax your mouth completely and produce a very short, unstressed "uh" sound. Listen to the word {Scheine} — the final -e is this brief, neutral sound. Isolate it and pronounce it a number of times by itself. -$EXERCISE Final short {e} Repetition Drill +$EXERCISE Final short "{e}" Repetition Drill INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat the German words. PROMPT: Wunde @@ -226,8 +226,8 @@ RESPONSE: alle PROMPT: diese RESPONSE: diese -$EXERCISE Final short {e} Contrastive Drill -INSTRUCTION: Produce the final short {e} form as modeled. +$EXERCISE Final short "{e}" Contrastive Drill +INSTRUCTION: Produce the final short "{e}" form as modeled. EXAMPLE PROMPT: linden @@ -254,8 +254,8 @@ RESPONSE: Recke PROMPT: villain RESPONSE: Wille -$EXERCISE Final short {e} Minimal Pair Drill -INSTRUCTION: Convert the final sound to short {e}. +$EXERCISE Final short "{e}" Minimal Pair Drill +INSTRUCTION: Convert the final sound to short "{e}". EXAMPLE PROMPT: Kola @@ -507,8 +507,8 @@ RESPONSE: Nein, man sagt „Auf Wiederhören!“. $LESSON Section 6: Reinforcement Drills -$EXERCISE Pronunciation: Long {e} in isolated words -INSTRUCTION: Substitute long {e} for the first vowel sound as modeled. +$EXERCISE Pronunciation: Long "{e}" in isolated words +INSTRUCTION: Substitute long "{e}" for the first vowel sound as modeled. EXAMPLE PROMPT: sagen @@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ RESPONSE: hebt PROMPT: trügt RESPONSE: trägt -$EXERCISE Pronunciation: Long {e} in sentences +$EXERCISE Pronunciation: Long "{e}" in sentences INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat the sentences. PROMPT: So geht's im Leben! @@ -562,8 +562,8 @@ RESPONSE: Haben Sie Unteroffizier Weber gesehen? PROMPT: Der Lehrer trägt ein schweres Paket. RESPONSE: Der Lehrer trägt ein schweres Paket. -$EXERCISE Pronunciation: Final short {e} in isolated words -INSTRUCTION: Substitute short {e} for the final vowel sound. +$EXERCISE Pronunciation: Final short "{e}" in isolated words +INSTRUCTION: Substitute short "{e}" for the final vowel sound. EXAMPLE PROMPT: Lotto @@ -590,7 +590,7 @@ RESPONSE: lasse PROMPT: Stella RESPONSE: Stelle -$EXERCISE Pronunciation: Final short {e} in sentences +$EXERCISE Pronunciation: Final short "{e}" in sentences INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat the sentences. PROMPT: Ich habe die Ehre! diff --git a/014 - Lesson 13 - Talking About the Weather.module b/014 - Lesson 13 - Talking About the Weather.module index 3cfe783..b6fc008 100644 --- a/014 - Lesson 13 - Talking About the Weather.module +++ b/014 - Lesson 13 - Talking About the Weather.module @@ -48,9 +48,9 @@ The contrast is also apparent in the two question words for "where?": ### Notes on the Writing System **1. ä, ö, ü** -- **ä**, when short, stands for the same sound as short {e}. When long, stands for the same sound as long {e}. -- **ö** stands for long or short lip-rounded {e}: {schön}, {können} -- **ü** stands for long or short lip-rounded {i}: {Tür}, {Schütze} +- **ä**, when short, stands for the same sound as short "{e}". When long, stands for the same sound as long "{e}". +- **ö** stands for long or short lip-rounded "{e}": {schön}, {können} +- **ü** stands for long or short lip-rounded "{i}": {Tür}, {Schütze} - **ä**, **ö** and **ü** are always read long when followed by an h: {wählen}, {gewöhnlich}, {führen}. **2. Diphthongs**