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Wrap vowel sound names in curly braces to prevent auto-translation (a, e, i, o, u, ö, ü)

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alenakrauchanka
2026-03-22 12:57:13 +03:00
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42
001 - Introduction of Reading.module
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@@ -13,91 +13,91 @@ $LESSON Section 1: Vowels a, e, i, o, u
$GRAMMAR Vowel Pronunciation Rules
INTRO: Let's learn about the basic German vowels: a, e, i, o, and u.
**a.** The letter a stands for short a or long a.
**a.** The letter {a} stands for short {a} or long {a}.
It stands for short a in:
It stands for short {a} in:
- {als}
- {fast}
- {Garten}
It stands for long a in:
It stands for long {a} in:
- {da}
- {Rat}
- {fragen}
ah and aa always stand for long a:
{ah} and {aa} always stand for long {a}:
- {nah}, {lahm}, {Bahn}
- {Maat}, {Paar}, {Saal}
**b.** The letter e stands for extra-short e, short e, or long e.
**b.** The letter {e} stands for extra-short {e}, short {e}, or long {e}.
It stands for extra-short e in (occurs only in unstressed syllables):
It stands for extra-short {e} in (occurs only in unstressed syllables):
- {habe}
- {bekannt}
- {getan}
It stands for short e in:
It stands for short {e} in:
- {elf}
- {denn}
- {nett}
- {rennt}
- {fest}
It stands for long e in:
It stands for long {e} in:
- {den}
- {leben}
- {Feder}
eh and ee always stand for long e:
{eh} and {ee} always stand for long {e}:
- {Reh}, {geht}, {fehlt}
- {Tee}, {Beet}, {Meer}
**c.** The letter i stands for short i and long i.
**c.** The letter {i} stands for short {i} and long {i}.
It stands for short i in:
It stands for short {i} in:
- {ist}
- {Hilfe}
- {bitte}
It stands for long i in:
It stands for long {i} in:
- {Igel}
- {Bibel}
- {Tiger}
ie, ih, and ieh always stand for long i:
{ie}, {ih}, and {ieh} always stand for long {i}:
- {die}, {lieber}, {fliegen}
- {ihm}, {ihnen}, {ihre}
- {sieht}, {fliehen}, {empfiehlt}
**d.** The letter o stands for short o and long o.
**d.** The letter {o} stands for short {o} and long {o}.
It stands for short o in:
It stands for short {o} in:
- {oft}
- {konnte}
- {Posten}
It stands for long o in:
It stands for long {o} in:
- {oder}
- {tot}
- {loben}
oh and oo always stand for long o:
{oh} and {oo} always stand for long {o}:
- {roh}, {Sohn}, {Kohle}
- {Boot}, {Moos}, {Moor}
**e.** The letter u stands for short u and long u.
**e.** The letter {u} stands for short {u} and long {u}.
It stands for short u in:
It stands for short {u} in:
- {bunt}
- {Butter}
- {drucken}
It stands for long u in:
It stands for long {u} in:
- {tun}
- {nur}
- {guten}
uh always stands for long u:
{uh} always stands for long {u}:
- {Kuh}, {Uhr}, {ruht}
$DIALOGUE Sight Reading Exercise 1

2
004 - Lesson 03 - Introductions.module
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@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ The German possessives are:
Again, the forms without final "e" are used before {der} and {das} nouns, while the forms with final "e" are used before {die} nouns.
Also covered in this lesson is the German sound "ü", a rounded front vowel that may be unfamiliar. It can be both long and short.
Also covered in this lesson is the German sound {ü}, a rounded front vowel that may be unfamiliar. It can be both long and short.
$LESSON Section 2: Pronunciation
$GRAMMAR Pronunciation: Long ü

2
005 - Lesson 04 - Daily Activities.module
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@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ In German sentences the verb is in second position (except in yes-or-no question
2. {Hier lernt der Schüler Deutsch.}
3. {Deutsch lernt der Schüler hier.}
Also covered in this lesson is the German sound ö, a rounded front vowel that may be unfamiliar. It can be both long and short.
Also covered in this lesson is the German sound {ö}, a rounded front vowel that may be unfamiliar. It can be both long and short.
$GRAMMAR Homework
INSTRUCTION: Complete the following assignment.

58
006 - Lesson 05 - In the Classroom.module
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@@ -36,10 +36,10 @@ In stating a person's occupation, nationality, religion, rank, station, office,
- {Ich bin Unteroffizier.}
- {Feldwebel Krause ist Klassenältester.}
$LESSON Section 2: Pronunciation - Long A
$LESSON Section 2: Pronunciation - Long {A}
$DIALOGUE Listening Exercise: Long a
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following words with the long "a" sound.
$DIALOGUE Listening Exercise: Long {a}
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following words with the long {a} sound.
LINE: aber
LINE: da
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ LINE: schade
LINE: Glas
LINE: haben
$DIALOGUE Discrimination Exercise: Long a
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following pairs. Notice which word contains the long "a" sound.
$DIALOGUE Discrimination Exercise: Long {a}
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following pairs. Notice which word contains the long {a} sound.
LINE: wählen - Wahlen
LINE: kam - Kamm
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ LINE: Haken - hacken
LINE: beten - baten
LINE: lasen - lösen
$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Long a
$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Long {a}
INSTRUCTION: Repeat the following words after the prompt.
EXAMPLE
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ RESPONSE: mahnt
PROMPT: Hase
RESPONSE: Hase
$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Long a
$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Long {a}
INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each word with correct pronunciation.
EXAMPLE
@@ -117,10 +117,10 @@ RESPONSE: Kappe
PROMPT: Gabel
RESPONSE: Gabel
$LESSON Section 3: Pronunciation - Short A
$LESSON Section 3: Pronunciation - Short {A}
$DIALOGUE Listening Exercise: Short a
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following words with the short "a" sound.
$DIALOGUE Listening Exercise: Short {a}
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following words with the short {a} sound.
LINE: was
LINE: lang
@@ -130,8 +130,8 @@ LINE: hast
LINE: Blatt
LINE: Klasse
$DIALOGUE Discrimination Exercise: Short a
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following pairs. Notice which word contains the short "a" sound.
$DIALOGUE Discrimination Exercise: Short {a}
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following pairs. Notice which word contains the short {a} sound.
LINE: Haft - Heft
LINE: Bahnen - bannen
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ LINE: glatte - Glätte
LINE: lochen - lachen
LINE: kann - Kahn
$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Short a
$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Short {a}
INSTRUCTION: Repeat the following words after the prompt.
EXAMPLE
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ RESPONSE: Watte
PROMPT: Platz
RESPONSE: Platz
$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Short a
$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Short {a}
INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each word with correct pronunciation.
EXAMPLE
@@ -198,9 +198,9 @@ RESPONSE: dankt
PROMPT: glatten
RESPONSE: glatten
$LESSON Section 4: Pronunciation - Minimal Pairs and Unstressed A
$LESSON Section 4: Pronunciation - Minimal Pairs and Unstressed {A}
$EXERCISE Minimal Pair Drill: Short a vs Long a
$EXERCISE Minimal Pair Drill: Short {a} vs Long {a}
INSTRUCTION: Repeat the minimal pairs.
EXAMPLE
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ RESPONSE: lag
PROMPT: Last
RESPONSE: lasst
$EXERCISE Minimal Pair Drill: Long a vs Short a
$EXERCISE Minimal Pair Drill: Long {a} vs Short {a}
INSTRUCTION: Repeat the minimal pairs.
EXAMPLE
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ RESPONSE: fanden
PROMPT: ermahnen
RESPONSE: ermannen
$DIALOGUE Listening Exercise: Short a in Unstressed Syllables
$DIALOGUE Listening Exercise: Short {a} in Unstressed Syllables
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following words.
LINE: Kabine
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ LINE: natürlich
LINE: einsam
LINE: Papier
$DIALOGUE Discrimination Exercise: Short a in Unstressed Syllables
$DIALOGUE Discrimination Exercise: Short {a} in Unstressed Syllables
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following pairs and notice the German pronunciation.
LINE: highland - Heiland
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ LINE: Kanada - Canada
LINE: Finland - Finnland
LINE: America - Amerika
$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Short a in Unstressed Syllables
$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Short {a} in Unstressed Syllables
INSTRUCTION: Repeat the following words after the prompt.
EXAMPLE
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ RESPONSE: Barras
PROMPT: Hauptmann
RESPONSE: Hauptmann
$EXERCISE Minimal Pair Drill: Unstressed a
$EXERCISE Minimal Pair Drill: Unstressed {a}
INSTRUCTION: Repeat the following minimal pairs.
EXAMPLE
@@ -528,8 +528,8 @@ RESPONSE: Gestern.
$LESSON Section 8: Reinforcement Drills - Pronunciation
$EXERCISE Long a: Production in isolated words
INSTRUCTION: Substitute the long "a" sound for the first vowel sound in the word you hear.
$EXERCISE Long {a}: Production in isolated words
INSTRUCTION: Substitute the long {a} sound for the first vowel sound in the word you hear.
EXAMPLE
PROMPT: ohne
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ RESPONSE: lagen
PROMPT: Masse
RESPONSE: Maße
$EXERCISE Long a: Production in sentences
$EXERCISE Long {a}: Production in sentences
INSTRUCTION: Repeat the sentences exactly as you hear them.
PROMPT: Haben Sie einen Wagen?
@@ -583,8 +583,8 @@ RESPONSE: Das Schiff lag im Hafen.
PROMPT: Sie bat um ein Glas Wasser.
RESPONSE: Sie bat um ein Glas Wasser.
$EXERCISE Short a: Production in isolated words
INSTRUCTION: Substitute the short "a" sound for the first vowel sound in the word you hear.
$EXERCISE Short {a}: Production in isolated words
INSTRUCTION: Substitute the short {a} sound for the first vowel sound in the word you hear.
EXAMPLE
PROMPT: Esche
@@ -611,7 +611,7 @@ RESPONSE: Dach
PROMPT: Hölle
RESPONSE: Halle
$EXERCISE Short a: Production in sentences
$EXERCISE Short {a}: Production in sentences
INSTRUCTION: Repeat the sentences exactly as you hear them.
PROMPT: Er machte mir Platz.
@@ -638,7 +638,7 @@ RESPONSE: Meine Tante hat eine Katze.
PROMPT: Ich wasche mich mit kaltem Wasser.
RESPONSE: Ich wasche mich mit kaltem Wasser.
$EXERCISE Short a in unstressed syllables: Production in isolated words
$EXERCISE Short {a} in unstressed syllables: Production in isolated words
INSTRUCTION: Repeat the words exactly as you hear them.
PROMPT: Kabine
@@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ RESPONSE: Thomas
PROMPT: Kamel
RESPONSE: Kamel
$EXERCISE Short a in unstressed syllables: Production in sentences
$EXERCISE Short {a} in unstressed syllables: Production in sentences
INSTRUCTION: Repeat the sentences exactly as you hear them.
PROMPT: Die Maschine ist kaputt.

50
007 - Lesson 06 - Asking for Directions.module
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@@ -44,11 +44,11 @@ The words "der", "das", "die" sometimes take the place of "er", "es", "sie", emp
{Der Mann kennt übrigens Doktor Hagemann gut; der ist nämlich sein Arzt.}
Also covered in this lesson is the German sound o, which can be both long and short.
Also covered in this lesson is the German sound {o}, which can be both long and short.
$LESSON Section 2: Pronunciation - Long o
$DIALOGUE Listening Exercise: Long o
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following words focusing on the long o sound.
$LESSON Section 2: Pronunciation - Long {o}
$DIALOGUE Listening Exercise: Long {o}
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following words focusing on the long {o} sound.
LINE: oder
LINE: so
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ LINE: Kohle
LINE: Mond
LINE: verboten
$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Long o
INTRO: Practice the following words with the long o sound.
$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Long {o}
INTRO: Practice the following words with the long {o} sound.
INSTRUCTION: Listen to each word and repeat it with correct German pronunciation.
PROMPT: schon
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ RESPONSE: Kot
PROMPT: Sohn
RESPONSE: Sohn
$DIALOGUE Repetition Drill: Long o
$DIALOGUE Repetition Drill: Long {o}
INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each word.
LINE: wo
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ LINE: Gebot
LINE: betonen
LINE: Telefon
$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Long o
$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Long {o}
INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each word with correct pronunciation.
EXAMPLE
@@ -125,9 +125,9 @@ RESPONSE: Omen
PROMPT: gotisch
RESPONSE: gotisch
$LESSON Section 3: Pronunciation - Short o
$DIALOGUE Listening Exercise: Short o
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following words focusing on the short o sound.
$LESSON Section 3: Pronunciation - Short {o}
$DIALOGUE Listening Exercise: Short {o}
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following words focusing on the short {o} sound.
LINE: offen
LINE: Sonne
@@ -137,8 +137,8 @@ LINE: kosten
LINE: Politik
LINE: Geschoss
$EXERCISE Discrimination Exercise: Short o
INSTRUCTION: In each pair, identify the word with the short o sound by saying 1 or 2.
$EXERCISE Discrimination Exercise: Short {o}
INSTRUCTION: In each pair, identify the word with the short {o} sound by saying 1 or 2.
PROMPT: 1. kosten, 2. Schoss
RESPONSE: 1
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ RESPONSE: 2
PROMPT: 1. floss, 2. rote, 3. konnte
RESPONSE: 3
$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Short o
$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: Short {o}
INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each word with correct pronunciation.
EXAMPLE
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ RESPONSE: Block
PROMPT: komm
RESPONSE: komm
$DIALOGUE Repetition Drill: Short o
$DIALOGUE Repetition Drill: Short {o}
INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each word.
LINE: Most
@@ -198,8 +198,8 @@ LINE: sollen
LINE: Sonntag
LINE: gekommen
$EXERCISE Minimal Pair Drill: Short o to Long o
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the word with a short o and produce the corresponding word with a long o.
$EXERCISE Minimal Pair Drill: Short {o} to Long {o}
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the word with a short {o} and produce the corresponding word with a long {o}.
EXAMPLE
PROMPT: offen
@@ -226,8 +226,8 @@ RESPONSE: Tone
PROMPT: hold
RESPONSE: holt
$EXERCISE Minimal Pair Drill: Long o to Short o
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the word with a long o and produce the corresponding word with a short o.
$EXERCISE Minimal Pair Drill: Long {o} to Short {o}
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the word with a long {o} and produce the corresponding word with a short {o}.
EXAMPLE
PROMPT: Sohne
@@ -459,8 +459,8 @@ PROMPT: Haben Sie auch einen Hausarzt?
RESPONSE: Ja.
$LESSON Section 7: Reinforcement Drills
$EXERCISE Pronunciation: Long o in isolated words
INSTRUCTION: Substitute the long o sound for the first vowel sound in the word you hear.
$EXERCISE Pronunciation: Long {o} in isolated words
INSTRUCTION: Substitute the long {o} sound for the first vowel sound in the word you hear.
EXAMPLE
PROMPT: las
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ RESPONSE: Bog
PROMPT: Waage
RESPONSE: Woge
$DIALOGUE Pronunciation: Long o in sentences
$DIALOGUE Pronunciation: Long {o} in sentences
INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat the sentences.
LINE: Wo ist der Bahnhof?
@@ -500,8 +500,8 @@ LINE: Sie lobten den Chor.
LINE: Er wohnt gleich am Dom.
LINE: Beethoven vertonte die Ode.
$EXERCISE Pronunciation: Short o in isolated words
INSTRUCTION: Substitute the short o sound for the first vowel sound in the word you hear.
$EXERCISE Pronunciation: Short {o} in isolated words
INSTRUCTION: Substitute the short {o} sound for the first vowel sound in the word you hear.
EXAMPLE
PROMPT: Mast
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ RESPONSE: Komma
PROMPT: wachen
RESPONSE: Wochen
$DIALOGUE Pronunciation: Short o in sentences
$DIALOGUE Pronunciation: Short {o} in sentences
INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat the sentences.
LINE: Wir wollen es hoffen.

50
010 - Lesson 09 - An Invitation to Dinner.module
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@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ INTRO: Here are some cultural notes regarding formal address in German.
$LESSON Section 2: Pronunciation
$DIALOGUE Long e Listening Exercise
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the pronunciation of the long e sound.
$DIALOGUE Long {e} Listening Exercise
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the pronunciation of the long {e} sound.
LINE: eben
LINE: Tee
@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ LINE: lesen
LINE: nehmen
LINE: vergeben
$DIALOGUE Long e Discrimination Exercise
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following German words with the long e sound.
$DIALOGUE Long {e} Discrimination Exercise
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the following German words with the long {e} sound.
LINE: Klee
LINE: geht
@@ -84,12 +84,12 @@ LINE: leg
LINE: Leber
LINE: laden
$GRAMMAR Articulation Exercise: long e
$GRAMMAR Articulation Exercise: long {e}
INSTRUCTION: Read the articulation instructions.
To produce the German long e, open your mouth slightly and position your tongue relatively high and forward in the mouth. The lips should be slightly spread (not rounded). The key is to keep the sound pure and steady — do not let your tongue glide upward at the end. The result should be the German exclamation {he!}. Isolate the long e sound and pronounce it a number of times by itself.
To produce the German long {e}, open your mouth slightly and position your tongue relatively high and forward in the mouth. The lips should be slightly spread (not rounded). The key is to keep the sound pure and steady — do not let your tongue glide upward at the end. The result should be the German exclamation {he!}. Isolate the long {e} sound and pronounce it a number of times by itself.
$EXERCISE Long e Repetition Drill
$EXERCISE Long {e} Repetition Drill
INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat the German words.
PROMPT: Fee
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ RESPONSE: Käse
PROMPT: nehmen
RESPONSE: nehmen
$EXERCISE Long e Contrastive Pair Drill
$EXERCISE Long {e} Contrastive Pair Drill
INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each word.
PROMPT: geh
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ RESPONSE: Theken
PROMPT: gebt
RESPONSE: gebt
$EXERCISE Long e Minimal Pair Drill
$EXERCISE Long {e} Minimal Pair Drill
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the prompt and repeat the German word.
EXAMPLE
@@ -171,8 +171,8 @@ RESPONSE: lest
PROMPT: Vetter
RESPONSE: Väter
$DIALOGUE Final short e Listening Exercise
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the pronunciation of the final short e sound.
$DIALOGUE Final short {e} Listening Exercise
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the pronunciation of the final short {e} sound.
LINE: Binde
LINE: Marke
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ LINE: lese
LINE: seine
LINE: baue
$DIALOGUE Final short e Discrimination Exercise
$DIALOGUE Final short {e} Discrimination Exercise
INSTRUCTION: Listen to these pairs. Notice the difference between the final sounds.
LINE: Lasso - lasse
@@ -194,12 +194,12 @@ LINE: rosa - Rose
LINE: Motte - Motto
LINE: Gotha - Gote
$GRAMMAR Articulation Exercise: Final short e
$GRAMMAR Articulation Exercise: Final short {e}
INSTRUCTION: Read the articulation instructions.
The final short e (called "Schwa") is a very brief, relaxed, neutral vowel. To produce it, relax your mouth completely and produce a very short, unstressed "uh" sound. Listen to the word {Scheine} — the final -e is this brief, neutral sound. Isolate it and pronounce it a number of times by itself.
The final short {e} (called "Schwa") is a very brief, relaxed, neutral vowel. To produce it, relax your mouth completely and produce a very short, unstressed "uh" sound. Listen to the word {Scheine} — the final -e is this brief, neutral sound. Isolate it and pronounce it a number of times by itself.
$EXERCISE Final short e Repetition Drill
$EXERCISE Final short {e} Repetition Drill
INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat the German words.
PROMPT: Wunde
@@ -226,8 +226,8 @@ RESPONSE: alle
PROMPT: diese
RESPONSE: diese
$EXERCISE Final short e Contrastive Drill
INSTRUCTION: Produce the final short e form as modeled.
$EXERCISE Final short {e} Contrastive Drill
INSTRUCTION: Produce the final short {e} form as modeled.
EXAMPLE
PROMPT: linden
@@ -254,8 +254,8 @@ RESPONSE: Recke
PROMPT: villain
RESPONSE: Wille
$EXERCISE Final short e Minimal Pair Drill
INSTRUCTION: Convert the final sound to short e.
$EXERCISE Final short {e} Minimal Pair Drill
INSTRUCTION: Convert the final sound to short {e}.
EXAMPLE
PROMPT: Kola
@@ -507,8 +507,8 @@ RESPONSE: Nein, man sagt „Auf Wiederhören!“.
$LESSON Section 6: Reinforcement Drills
$EXERCISE Pronunciation: Long e in isolated words
INSTRUCTION: Substitute long e for the first vowel sound as modeled.
$EXERCISE Pronunciation: Long {e} in isolated words
INSTRUCTION: Substitute long {e} for the first vowel sound as modeled.
EXAMPLE
PROMPT: sagen
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ RESPONSE: hebt
PROMPT: trügt
RESPONSE: trägt
$EXERCISE Pronunciation: Long e in sentences
$EXERCISE Pronunciation: Long {e} in sentences
INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat the sentences.
PROMPT: So geht's im Leben!
@@ -562,8 +562,8 @@ RESPONSE: Haben Sie Unteroffizier Weber gesehen?
PROMPT: Der Lehrer trägt ein schweres Paket.
RESPONSE: Der Lehrer trägt ein schweres Paket.
$EXERCISE Pronunciation: Final short e in isolated words
INSTRUCTION: Substitute short e for the final vowel sound.
$EXERCISE Pronunciation: Final short {e} in isolated words
INSTRUCTION: Substitute short {e} for the final vowel sound.
EXAMPLE
PROMPT: Lotto
@@ -590,7 +590,7 @@ RESPONSE: lasse
PROMPT: Stella
RESPONSE: Stelle
$EXERCISE Pronunciation: Final short e in sentences
$EXERCISE Pronunciation: Final short {e} in sentences
INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat the sentences.
PROMPT: Ich habe die Ehre!

6
014 - Lesson 13 - Talking About the Weather.module
View File

@@ -48,9 +48,9 @@ The contrast is also apparent in the two question words for "where?":
### Notes on the Writing System
**1. ä, ö, ü**
- **ä**, when short, stands for the same sound as short e. When long, stands for the same sound as long e.
- **ö** stands for long or short lip-rounded e: {schön}, {können}
- **ü** stands for long or short lip-rounded i: {Tür}, {Schütze}
- **ä**, when short, stands for the same sound as short {e}. When long, stands for the same sound as long {e}.
- **ö** stands for long or short lip-rounded {e}: {schön}, {können}
- **ü** stands for long or short lip-rounded {i}: {Tür}, {Schütze}
- **ä**, **ö** and **ü** are always read long when followed by an h: {wählen}, {gewöhnlich}, {führen}.
**2. Diphthongs**