Remove all English-specific references from modules. Rewrite pronunciation instructions, grammar comparisons, reading rules, and exercises to be language-agnostic so the course works for students of any native language.
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@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ $LESSON Grammar Notes
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$GRAMMAR Grammar: Indirect Objects
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INTRO: Let's learn about indirect objects in German.
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In a sentence like "The instructor gives the student the book" or "The instructor gives the book to the student", "the book" is the direct object and "(to) the student" is the indirect object. Both English and German have indirect objects. In German, the "der" or "ein" word (including "kein" and possessives) in front of an indirect noun object appears in a special form. When preceding a "der" or "das" noun, it takes the ending "-em", when preceding a "die" noun, it takes the ending "-er".
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In a sentence like "The instructor gives the student the book" or "The instructor gives the book to the student", "the book" is the direct object and "(to) the student" is the indirect object. In German, the "der" or "ein" word (including "kein" and possessives) in front of an indirect noun object appears in a special form. When preceding a "der" or "das" noun, it takes the ending "-em", when preceding a "die" noun, it takes the ending "-er".
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### Noun Endings for Indirect Objects
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@@ -35,16 +35,16 @@ Pronouns like "I", "he", etc. have an indirect object form too, as shown in sent
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| {ich}<br>{er} / {es}<br>{sie} (she) | {mir}<br>{ihm}<br>{ihr} |
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| {wir}<br>{sie} (they)<br>{Sie} (you, formal) | {uns}<br>{ihnen}<br>{Ihnen} |
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Some German verbs like {gefallen} (to please), {gehören} (to belong) and a few others can have an indirect object only. Other verbs can have both a direct and an indirect object. If two objects are present, the rules of sequence resemble those in English:
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Some German verbs like {gefallen} (to please), {gehören} (to belong) and a few others can have an indirect object only. Other verbs can have both a direct and an indirect object. If two objects are present, the rules of sequence are as follows:
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1. {Der Lehrer gibt dem Schüler das Buch.}
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2. {Der Lehrer gibt ihm das Buch.}
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3. {Der Lehrer gibt es dem Schüler.}
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4. {Der Lehrer gibt es ihm.}
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The foregoing examples show that pronouns precede longer phrases and that, if both objects are pronouns, the direct object precedes the indirect. Notice also that no word equivalent to English "to" is used in German to mark indirect objects. The characteristic German indirect object forms are adequate to perform this function.
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The foregoing examples show that pronouns precede longer phrases and that, if both objects are pronouns, the direct object precedes the indirect. Notice also that German does not use a preposition like "to" to mark indirect objects. The characteristic German indirect object forms are adequate to perform this function.
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Also covered in this lesson is the German sound r, which is different from its English counterpart.
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Also covered in this lesson is the German sound r, which is produced differently from the r in many other languages.
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$LESSON Pronunciation: The "r" Sound
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@@ -60,32 +60,32 @@ LINE: berühmt
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LINE: reich
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LINE: Raum
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$EXERCISE Discrimination: r before vowels
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INSTRUCTION: Listen to the prompts. The prompt is a word starting with an English or front 'r'. Respond with the German word starting with a uvular 'r'.
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$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: r before vowels
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INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each word with a proper German uvular 'r'.
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EXAMPLE
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PROMPT: root
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PROMPT: ruht
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RESPONSE: ruht
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PROMPT: raider
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PROMPT: Reeder
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RESPONSE: Reeder
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PROMPT: roam
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PROMPT: Rom
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RESPONSE: Rom
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PROMPT: ritten
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RESPONSE: ritten
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PROMPT: row
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PROMPT: rauh
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RESPONSE: rauh
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PROMPT: rest
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PROMPT: Rest
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RESPONSE: Rest
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PROMPT: rotten
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PROMPT: raten
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RESPONSE: raten
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PROMPT: rice
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PROMPT: Reis
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RESPONSE: Reis
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$GRAMMAR Articulation Exercise: r before vowels
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@@ -114,32 +114,32 @@ LINE: Reifen
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LINE: raus
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LINE: räumen
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$EXERCISE Contrastive Pair Drill: r before vowels
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INSTRUCTION: Listen to the English word and respond with the similar-sounding German word.
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$EXERCISE Production Drill: r before vowels
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INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each word.
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EXAMPLE
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PROMPT: wreck
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PROMPT: Reck
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RESPONSE: Reck
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PROMPT: rot
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RESPONSE: rot
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PROMPT: robbin
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PROMPT: Robben
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RESPONSE: Robben
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PROMPT: wrote
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PROMPT: rot
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RESPONSE: rot
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PROMPT: ring
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PROMPT: Ring
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RESPONSE: Ring
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PROMPT: room
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PROMPT: Ruhm
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RESPONSE: Ruhm
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PROMPT: reef
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PROMPT: Riff
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RESPONSE: Riff
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PROMPT: writer
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PROMPT: Reiter
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RESPONSE: Reiter
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$DIALOGUE Pronunciation: r before vowels (second in syllable)
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@@ -154,32 +154,32 @@ LINE: Fritz
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LINE: Bruder
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LINE: schreiben
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$EXERCISE Discrimination: r before vowels (second in syllable)
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INSTRUCTION: Listen to the English word and respond with the similar-sounding German word.
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$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: r before vowels (second in syllable)
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INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each word.
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EXAMPLE
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PROMPT: crate
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PROMPT: kräht
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RESPONSE: kräht
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PROMPT: Trent
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PROMPT: trennt
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RESPONSE: trennt
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PROMPT: grim
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PROMPT: Grimm
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RESPONSE: Grimm
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PROMPT: fro
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PROMPT: froh
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RESPONSE: froh
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PROMPT: Greece
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PROMPT: Griess
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RESPONSE: Griess
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PROMPT: brute
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PROMPT: Brut
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RESPONSE: Brut
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PROMPT: price
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PROMPT: Preis
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RESPONSE: Preis
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PROMPT: trout
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PROMPT: traut
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RESPONSE: traut
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$GRAMMAR Articulation Exercise: r before vowels (second in syllable)
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@@ -208,32 +208,32 @@ LINE: treiben
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LINE: grau
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LINE: freut
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$EXERCISE Contrastive Pair Drill: r before vowels (second in syllable)
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INSTRUCTION: Listen to the English word and respond with the similar-sounding German word.
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$EXERCISE Production Drill: r before vowels (second in syllable)
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INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each word.
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EXAMPLE
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PROMPT: Trenton
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PROMPT: trennten
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RESPONSE: trennten
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PROMPT: trot
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PROMPT: Trott
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RESPONSE: Trott
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PROMPT: gross
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RESPONSE: gross
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PROMPT: prints
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PROMPT: Prinz
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RESPONSE: Prinz
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PROMPT: brief
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PROMPT: Brief
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RESPONSE: Brief
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PROMPT: group
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PROMPT: Gruft
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RESPONSE: Gruft
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PROMPT: dry
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PROMPT: drei
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RESPONSE: drei
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PROMPT: brown
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PROMPT: braun
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RESPONSE: braun
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$DIALOGUE Pronunciation: r after long vowels
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@@ -247,38 +247,38 @@ LINE: hört
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LINE: vor
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LINE: wahr
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$EXERCISE Discrimination: r after long vowels
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INSTRUCTION: Listen to the English word and respond with the similar-sounding German word.
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$EXERCISE Repetition Drill: r after long vowels
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INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each word.
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EXAMPLE
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PROMPT: dear
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PROMPT: dir
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RESPONSE: dir
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PROMPT: more
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PROMPT: Mohr
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RESPONSE: Mohr
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PROMPT: poor
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PROMPT: pur
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RESPONSE: pur
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PROMPT: hair
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PROMPT: Heer
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RESPONSE: Heer
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PROMPT: tore
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PROMPT: Tor
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RESPONSE: Tor
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PROMPT: beer
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PROMPT: Bier
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RESPONSE: Bier
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PROMPT: far
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PROMPT: fahr
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RESPONSE: fahr
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PROMPT: bear
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PROMPT: Bär
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RESPONSE: Bär
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$GRAMMAR Articulation Exercise: r after long vowels
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INSTRUCTION: Read the instructions for pronouncing 'r' after long vowels.
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After long vowels, German **r** is represented by a vowel glide similar to the "a" in the word "Korea". To learn how to produce this glide, the student first pronounces the English word "idea". He then leaves off "id-" and pronounces "-ea" by itself. He then repeats "-ea", this time opening his mouth a shade wider as he pronounces the final glide. By doing so, he will find himself pronouncing the German word {ihr}. He then isolates the last sound of the word and pronounces it a number of times by itself.
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After long vowels, German **r** is not pronounced as a consonant but as a soft vowel glide — a brief, open "ah"-like sound. To produce it, open your mouth slightly and let out a very short, relaxed "ah" at the end of the vowel. Listen to the word {ihr}: the final sound is not a rolled or tapped "r" but a gentle glide toward an open vowel. Isolate this final sound and pronounce it a number of times by itself.
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$DIALOGUE Repetition Drill: r after long vowels
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INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each word.
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@@ -292,32 +292,32 @@ LINE: gehört
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LINE: Chlor
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LINE: Schar
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$EXERCISE Contrastive Pair Drill: r after long vowels
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INSTRUCTION: Listen to the English word and respond with the similar-sounding German word.
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$EXERCISE Production Drill: r after long vowels
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INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each word.
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EXAMPLE
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PROMPT: here
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PROMPT: hier
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RESPONSE: hier
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PROMPT: tier
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PROMPT: Tier
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RESPONSE: Tier
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PROMPT: dour
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PROMPT: stur
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RESPONSE: stur
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PROMPT: mare
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PROMPT: mehr
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RESPONSE: mehr
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PROMPT: floor
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PROMPT: Flor
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RESPONSE: Flor
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PROMPT: shore
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PROMPT: Chor
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RESPONSE: Chor
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PROMPT: bar
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PROMPT: Bar
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RESPONSE: Bar
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PROMPT: part
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PROMPT: Part
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RESPONSE: Part
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$LESSON Indirect Object Structures
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