INTRO: In this lesson you'll learn to talk about climate and weather, say what will happen "if" something else happens, and use the present perfect to say how long things have lasted. First, the weather words — listen and repeat each word and its sentences.
INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat the new words and sentences.
INTRO: Betty lives where it's warm, and she wants her sister Mary to leave freezing New York for a visit. Read her letter — she makes the beach sound very convincing. There's nothing to answer; just read and listen.
INSTRUCTION: Read the letter.
Narrator: Dear Mary,
Narrator: Since you're tired of the freezing temperatures in New York, come and visit us during spring break (March 23rd to 28th)!
Narrator: I'm sending you a picture of your niece and nephew at the beach.
Narrator: The wind really blew that day but, don't worry, it hasn't blown much since.
Narrator: Don't you just want to come when you see the beach?
Narrator: You say that you don't want to come because of our hot climate, but you don't really feel the heat when you're near the water, Sis.
NOTES: Sis = Sister
Narrator: When you're next to the water and the breeze blows, you don't feel the humidity.
Narrator: It's more humid in New York in the summer than it is here. Come down and you will see.
Narrator: I hope it's clear to you that I want you to come and spend time with us.
SpeakerA: Where would you like to live? {bk12-l1a-f1-15.mp3}
SpeakerB: I'd like to live in a place near the beach, where the sea is calm and the wind blows softly. This place would have a warm climate and a little humidity. {bk12-l1a-f1-16.mp3}
SpeakerA: Do you ever expect to live in this place? {bk12-l1a-f1-17.mp3}
SpeakerB: I don't know, but it's a nice thought. {bk12-l1a-f1-18.mp3}
TEMPLATE: I'd like to live in a place near the beach, where the sea is calm, and the wind blows softly. This place would have a warm climate and little humidity.
RESPONSE: I'd like to live in a place near the beach, where the sea is calm and the wind blows softly. This place would have a warm climate and a little humidity. {bk12-l1a-f1-16.mp3}
PROMPT: I'd like to live in a place near the beach, where the sea is calm and the wind blows softly. This place would have a warm climate and little humidity. {bk12-l1a-f2-01-q.mp3}
Mary: He hasn't felt well ever since he slipped and fell at work last month. He wants to remain in New York until he finishes his medicine and sees the doctor again.
VOCAB: to last | last
Betty: How long is his medicine going to last?
Mary: It'll last about one more week.
VOCAB: slippery
VOCAB: dangerous
Betty: Poor Carl. Slippery floors are very dangerous. Are they going to do anything to make the floors less slippery?
INTRO: In this part you'll practice small but useful words — "ever", "never", "finally", "anymore" — and talk about storms and feelings. Read these short exchanges and notice how "ever" adds surprise or emphasis to a question.
INTRO: People change — jobs, cities, marital status. Ask "What ever happened to...?" about the underlined person, then answer with "no longer" and the new situation. Say both parts aloud.
RUBRIC: The learner must form a question like "What ever happened to X?" followed by an answer stating "he/she no longer..." and the new situation from the cue.
Betty: Did you talk to Carl? Was he feeling better?
VOCAB: clear up
Mary: Yes, much better. He said that he drove to the lake last Sunday. It was cloudy in the morning, but it cleared up in the afternoon. The day was calm and the water was clear. He could see the fish there. He can't wait until he can go fishing.
Betty: His pain won't last much longer. He'll be ready to go fishing soon.
INTRO: "Stay" and "remain" both mean to keep on being a certain way. Make a sentence with "stay" or "remain", an adjective like "calm", "quiet", "happy", "sad", "angry", or "cool", and the phrase on the screen. Say your sentence aloud.
INSTRUCTION: Make a sentence using "stay" or "remain" and the phrase below.
INPUT: speak
CHECK: llm
RUBRIC: The learner must form a sentence using "stay" or "remain" along with a suitable adjective (angry, happy, sad, calm, quiet, cool) and the provided phrase. Example: "Joe remains quiet when everyone else is making noise."
EXAMPLE
TEMPLATE: when everyone else is making noise
RESPONSE: Joe remains quiet when everyone else is making noise.
TEMPLATE: when/sleep
RESPONSE: The children stay calm when they sleep.
TEMPLATE: when/at a party
RESPONSE: She stays happy when she is at a party.
TEMPLATE: during a test
RESPONSE: The students remain quiet during a test.
TEMPLATE: when/have a pain
RESPONSE: He stays sad when he has a pain.
TEMPLATE: when/drive a car
RESPONSE: Mr. Williams remains calm when he drives a car.
TEMPLATE: when/very hot
RESPONSE: I try to stay cool when it is very hot.
TEMPLATE: when someone hurts/feelings
RESPONSE: She stays angry when someone hurts her feelings.
TEMPLATE: when/do class work
RESPONSE: They remain quiet when they do class work.
TEMPLATE: after someone calls/at 3:00 a.m.
RESPONSE: He stays angry after someone calls at 3:00 a.m.
# Source: ST §Only the Yellow Ones Are Ours
$DIALOGUE Only the Yellow Ones Are Ours {st-page_019_001.jpg}
INTRO: Now a storm story — deep water, slippery streets, and nobody staying calm. Just listen.
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the dialogue.
Spk1: Were you ever in a bad storm before? {bk12-l1b-f1-08.mp3}
Spk2: Yes, and I was very frightened. It was about an hour before it stopped. {bk12-l1b-f1-09.mp3}
Spk1: Then did it clear up? {bk12-l1b-f1-10.mp3}
Spk2: Yes. It got very quiet, but the water in the streets was very deep and it was slippery. {bk12-l1b-f1-11.mp3}
Spk1: Did you remain calm during the storm? {bk12-l1b-f1-12.mp3}
Spk2: No, I didn't. None of us did. We were all very glad when it cleared up. {bk12-l1b-f1-13.mp3}
# Source: LLA 1B Figure 1, role-play pass
$PRODUCE A Bad Storm — Your Turn to Answer
ID: 1b-f1-b
REFERENCE
INPUT: speak
CHECK: reveal
INTRO: Now practice the dialogue. You are the person who lived through the storm. Listen to the question, reply with your printed line, then repeat the model answer.
INSTRUCTION: Reply aloud using the printed line.
REPEAT
PROMPT: Were you ever in a bad storm before? {bk12-l1b-f1-14.mp3}
TEMPLATE: Yes, and I was very frightened. It was about an hour before it stopped.
RESPONSE: Yes, and I was very frightened. It was about an hour before it stopped. {bk12-l1b-f1-09.mp3}
PROMPT: Then did it clear up? {bk12-l1b-f1-15.mp3}
TEMPLATE: Yes, it got very quiet. But the water in the streets was very deep, and it was slippery.
RESPONSE: Yes. It got very quiet, but the water in the streets was very deep and it was slippery. {bk12-l1b-f1-11.mp3}
PROMPT: Did you remain calm during the storm? {bk12-l1b-f1-16.mp3}
TEMPLATE: No, I didn't. None of us did. We were all very glad when it cleared up.
RESPONSE: No, I didn't. None of us did. We were all very glad when it cleared up. {bk12-l1b-f1-13.mp3}
# Source: LLA 1B Figure 2
$PRODUCE A Bad Storm — Your Turn to Ask
ID: 1b-f2
REFERENCE
INPUT: speak
CHECK: reveal
INTRO: Practice the dialogue again — this time you ask the questions. Start by reading your printed line aloud.
INSTRUCTION: Reply aloud using the printed line.
PROMPT: Yes, and I was very frightened; it was about an hour before it stopped. {bk12-l1b-f2-01.mp3}
TEMPLATE: Were you ever in a bad storm before?
RESPONSE: Were you ever in a bad storm before? {bk12-l1b-f1-08.mp3}
PROMPT: Yes, it got very quiet, but the water in the streets was very deep and it was slippery. {bk12-l1b-f2-02.mp3}
TEMPLATE: Then did it clear up?
RESPONSE: Then did it clear up? {bk12-l1b-f1-10.mp3}
PROMPT: No, I didn't. None of us did. We were all very glad when it cleared up. {bk12-l1b-f2-03.mp3}
TEMPLATE: Did you remain calm during the storm?
RESPONSE: Did you remain calm during the storm? {bk12-l1b-f1-12.mp3}
# Source: LLA 1B Figure 3
$SELECT How Does He Feel?
ID: 1b-f3
INTRO: Listen to a short dialogue and tap the word that best describes how the person feels. Then repeat the correct answer.
INSTRUCTION: Tap the correct feeling.
REPEAT
EXAMPLE
PROMPT: What's wrong, Gina? My dog ran away. Gina's? {bk12-l1b-f3-00.mp3}
OPTION: a | happy
OPTION: b | tired
OPTION: c | sad
ANSWER: c
PROMPT: Hello, sir. Long day? Yes. I was very busy all day. He's? {bk12-l1b-f3-01.mp3}
OPTION: a | tired {bk12-l1b-f3-01-a.mp3}
OPTION: b | happy
OPTION: c | sick
ANSWER: a
PROMPT: Look at that big smile. I made a 95 on my quiz. He's? {bk12-l1b-f3-02.mp3}
OPTION: a | sad
OPTION: b | happy {bk12-l1b-f3-02-a.mp3}
OPTION: c | angry
ANSWER: b
PROMPT: Hi, Phil. How are you today? My stomach hurts, and I have a fever. He's? {bk12-l1b-f3-03.mp3}
OPTION: a | sick {bk12-l1b-f3-03-a.mp3}
OPTION: b | tired
OPTION: c | careless
ANSWER: a
PROMPT: Hey, Jack. Where are you going? It's 11:30, time for lunch. He's? {bk12-l1b-f3-04.mp3}
OPTION: a | late
OPTION: b | sick
OPTION: c | hungry {bk12-l1b-f3-04-a.mp3}
ANSWER: c
PROMPT: What happened to your leg? I fell down outside the door. He's? {bk12-l1b-f3-05.mp3}
OPTION: a | tired
OPTION: b | sick
OPTION: c | hurt {bk12-l1b-f3-05-a.mp3}
ANSWER: c
$SESSION 1-3: If Clauses — Grammar and Practice
# Source: ST §If We Go to the Beach, We'll Have a Good Time
$DIALOGUE If We Go to the Beach, We'll Have a Good Time {st-page_021_001.jpg}
ID: l1-s12
INTRO: Now the lesson's main pattern: saying what will happen "if" something else happens. Bob and Don are planning a beach trip that depends on the weather, the car, and the calendar — read the dialog and notice "if" in every line.
INSTRUCTION: Read the dialog.
Bob: Let's go to the beach Saturday if the weather's good.
Don: If it's raining Saturday, we can go Sunday.
Bob: I won't be able to go if I have to work Sunday.
Don: If we don't go this weekend, we can always go later.
Bob: If we wait, we may not have good weather.
Don: You're right. We should go Saturday if we can.
INTRO: Here's how those "if" sentences work. The "if" clause uses the present tense, the main clause uses the present or future — and either clause can come first.
Conditional sentences have two parts: the if-clause and the main clause. One type of conditional sentence is used to show what may/will happen in the present/future if a certain condition happens.
When the if-clause has the present tense, the main clause uses the present or future tense. Note that the if-clause may come before or after the main clause.
| If the weather's good, | we {drive} to the beach.<br>we{'re driving} to the beach.<br>we{'ll drive} to the beach.<br>we{'re going to drive} to the beach. |
INTRO: Bob and Don have exactly five dollars for beach snacks — dreams must fit the budget. Study the list and the prices; you'll use them in the next two activities.
INTRO: Time for hard budget decisions. Using the list, say whether they can buy the second item if they buy the first — the five-dollar limit decides. Open the shopping list if you need it.
RUBRIC: The learner must form a conditional sentence showing whether they have enough money (under $5.00) to buy both sets of items. Treat the model answer as the factual key; accept any phrasing of the same conclusion.
INTRO: Same list, but now you ask the question too. Ask whether they can buy one thing if they buy the other, then answer it — the prices don't lie. Open the shopping list if you need it.
INSTRUCTION: Ask and answer questions about the shopping list using "if".
INPUT: speak
CHECK: llm
RUBRIC: The learner must form a yes/no question using "if", then answer correctly based on the $5.00 budget. Treat the model answer as the factual key; accept any phrasing of the same question and answer.
EXAMPLE
TEMPLATE: fruit/meat
RESPONSE: Can they buy fruit if they buy meat? Yes, they can.
EXAMPLE
TEMPLATE: fruit/cookies and corn chips
RESPONSE: Can they get fruit if they get cookies and corn chips? No, they can't.
TEMPLATE: meat/bread and potato chips
RESPONSE: Can they buy meat if they buy bread and potato chips? Yes, they can.
TEMPLATE: potato chips and corn chips/cookies
RESPONSE: Can they buy potato chips and corn chips if they buy cookies? Yes, they can.
TEMPLATE: bread and fruit/sodas and ice
RESPONSE: Can they buy bread and fruit if they buy sodas and ice? No, they can't.
TEMPLATE: potato chips and bread/fruit and ice
RESPONSE: Can they buy potato chips and bread if they buy fruit and ice? Yes, they can.
TEMPLATE: sodas, ice, and paper cups/anything else
RESPONSE: Can they buy sodas, ice, and paper cups if they buy anything else? No, they can't.
$SESSION 1-4: If Clauses — Conversations and Listening
# Source: ST §What Will Happen If...
$PRODUCE What Will Happen If...?
ID: l1-s17
INTRO: This part puts "if" into conversations and listening. First, the pictures: ask "What will happen if...?" using the first underlined phrase, then answer with the second one.
INSTRUCTION: Ask and answer questions about the pictures. Use the underlined words and "if".
INPUT: speak
CHECK: llm
RUBRIC: The learner must ask "What will happen if...?" using the first phrase, and answer using the second phrase.
EXAMPLE
TEMPLATE: Ken wants to *try to pass the truck*. He can't see over the hill. *He'll hit the other car.* {st-page_025_001.jpg}
RESPONSE: What will happen if Ken tries to pass the truck? If Ken tries to pass the truck, he'll hit the other car.
TEMPLATE: Grace should *slow down*. *The policeman will give her a ticket.* {st-page_025_002.jpg}
RESPONSE: What will happen if Grace doesn't slow down? If she doesn't slow down, the policeman will give her a ticket.
TEMPLATE: Carmen has to *be careful*. *She may slip on the ice and fall.* {st-page_025_003.jpg}
RESPONSE: What will happen if Carmen isn't careful? If she isn't careful, she may slip on the ice and fall.
TEMPLATE: Jim and Ted *might have to walk to school*. *They need to hurry.* {st-page_026_001.jpg}
RESPONSE: What will happen if Jim and Ted don't hurry? They might have to walk to school if they don't hurry.
TEMPLATE: Bob *doesn't think that he has enough cash*. *He will have to write a check.* {st-page_026_002.jpg}
RESPONSE: What will happen if Bob doesn't have enough cash? If he doesn't have enough cash, he will have to write a check.
# Source: ST §If That Happens...
$DIALOGUE If That Happens...
ID: l1-s19
INTRO: The weather is awful and Paul still plans to leave at noon — optimism is a lifestyle. Listen and repeat the dialog.
INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat the dialog.
REPEAT
Jack: The weather's awful. If you're leaving, you should leave soon.
Paul: Well, I expect to leave at noon if it clears up.
Jack: If it starts freezing, it'll be dangerous.
Paul: Right, but the police will close the roads if it gets too bad.
Jack: What'll you do if that happens?
Paul: Well, if they do that, I'll stop until it clears up.
# Source: ST §What'll You Do If... ?
$DIALOGUE What'll You Do If...?
ID: l1-s20
INTRO: Bob and Bill plan a vacation that depends entirely on "if". Listen and repeat.
INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat the dialog.
REPEAT
Bob: If you go on vacation this year, where do you think you'll go?
Bill: If I go in the summer, I'll go to the beach.
Bob: Where will you go if you go in the winter?
Bill: Well, if that happens, then I'll go to the mountains.
Bob: If you do that, I'd like to go with you.
Bill: It'll be great if we can go together.
# Source: ST §If..., I'll... / I'll... If...
$DIALOGUE If..., I'll... / I'll... If...
ID: l1-s21
INTRO: The "if" clause can come first or last — the meaning doesn't change. Listen and repeat each pair of sentences.
INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat.
REPEAT
LINE: If my friend doesn't like it, can I bring it back?
LINE: Can I bring it back if my friend doesn't like it?
LINE: If you keep your sales slip, you can bring this back.
LINE: You can bring this back if you keep your sales slip.
LINE: There's a hundred-dollar deposit if you have a dog.
LINE: If you have a dog, there's a 100-dollar deposit.
LINE: Do I have to pay the deposit if I have a bird?
LINE: If I have a bird, do I have to pay the deposit?
LINE: What will happen if I don't do well on this test?
LINE: If I don't do well on this test, what will happen?
LINE: If you don't pass, you'll have to take it again.
LINE: You'll have to take it again if you don't pass.
INTRO: Now train your ears. Two friends arrange a soccer game — everything depends on Roger's homework. Listen carefully to the "if" part of each sentence; questions follow.
INTRO: Last one: Sarah is working late so tomorrow can be a day off — lake or mall, the weather will decide. Listen for the "if" clauses and be ready for the questions.
PROMPT: Why does Sarah have to stay late? {bk12-l1d-f1-q7.mp3}
RESPONSE: She has to stay late if she wants leave tomorrow. {bk12-l1d-f1-a7.mp3}
PROMPT: What will Sarah do tomorrow? Write two answers for this question. {bk12-l1d-f1-q8.mp3}
RESPONSE: If the weather is nice, she's going to the lake. If it rains, she's going to the mall. {bk12-l1d-f1-a8.mp3}
PROMPT: Will Sarah have fun? {bk12-l1d-f1-q9.mp3}
RESPONSE: Yes, she will if she finishes her work. {bk12-l1d-f1-a9.mp3}
$SESSION 1-5: The Present Perfect Tense
# Source: ST §How Long Has the Engine Sounded Like This?
$DIALOGUE How Long Has the Engine Sounded Like This?
ID: l1-s24
INTRO: One more big point this lesson: the present perfect — "has sounded", "have driven" — for things that started in the past and are still going on. Read these dialogs about how long things have lasted; Gene's engine has been complaining for weeks.
| I / We / You / They | have / haven't | studied | all afternoon. |
| He / She | has / hasn't | studied | all afternoon. |
| | | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Have | I / we / you / they | studied | all afternoon? |
| Has | he / she | studied | all afternoon? |
The present perfect tense is formed with **have** or **has** + **the past participle** of the verb. With regular verbs, the past participle is formed by adding **-ed** to the verb. With irregular verbs, the past participle changes its form.
**COMPARISON OF PAST TENSE AND PRESENT PERFECT TENSE:**
We use **past tense** to describe situations that happened at a **definite time** in the past.
We use **present perfect tense** to describe situations that have happened at an **indefinite time** (or times) in the past, or situations that have begun in the past and have continued to the present.
INTRO: Now say whole sentences. Change each sentence to the present perfect and add the time phrase with "for" or "since". Say the new sentence, then check the model.
INTRO: You will hear a question from the cassette. Use the cue on the screen to answer aloud in a full present perfect sentence.
INSTRUCTION: Answer aloud using the cue.
RUBRIC: The learner must answer the question in a complete sentence, incorporating the cue phrase correctly. Treat the model answer as the factual key; accept reasonable grammatical variations that convey the same meaning.
EXAMPLE
TEMPLATE: five years
PROMPT: How long have you known Captain Jackson? {bk12-l1b-f4-00.mp3}
RESPONSE: I've known Captain Jackson for five years.
TEMPLATE: no
PROMPT: Have you ever driven to Boston? {bk12-l1b-f4-01.mp3}
RESPONSE: No, I haven't driven to Boston.
TEMPLATE: no, Italian
PROMPT: Has John ever studied German? {bk12-l1b-f4-02.mp3}
RESPONSE: No, he has studied Italian.
TEMPLATE: no, last Wednesday
PROMPT: Has Ted exercised in the gym? {bk12-l1b-f4-03.mp3}
RESPONSE: No, he hasn't exercised since last Wednesday.
TEMPLATE: yes, two years
PROMPT: Has Ms. Wilson taught English for a long time? {bk12-l1b-f4-04.mp3}
RESPONSE: Yes, she has taught English for two years.
TEMPLATE: no, since he bought the car
PROMPT: Has your brother been saving his money? {bk12-l1b-f4-05.mp3}
RESPONSE: No, he hasn't saved his money since he bought the car.
TEMPLATE: no, two weeks
PROMPT: Have you seen your brother? {bk12-l1b-f4-06.mp3}
RESPONSE: No, I haven't seen him for two weeks.
TEMPLATE: yes, since it started
PROMPT: Have you been listening to this tape? {bk12-l1b-f4-07.mp3}
RESPONSE: Yes, I have been listening to this tape since it started.
RUBRIC: The learner must form a yes/no question in the present perfect tense based on the dialog, and answer it correctly. Treat the model answer as the factual key; accept any phrasing of the same question and answer.
INTRO: Meet Daisy and Donald, whose old car has been dying for years — every month, a new repair bill. Read the story; you'll answer questions about it next.
LINE: Daisy and Donald have wanted to buy a new car for a long time.
LINE: They have driven Donald's old car since they were married.
LINE: During the last year, they've had large auto repair bills almost every month.
LINE: For the last few weeks, they have thought about borrowing the money to buy a new car.
LINE: They have talked for several days with Hubert D. Louis.
LINE: Hubert is a nephew of Donald's who has worked at the Golden State Bank for 20 years.
LINE: He has known Donald and Daisy since he was a child.
LINE: Donald and Daisy have lived in Los Angeles near Hubert and his brothers for many years and have always worked for the Easy Entertainment Company.
INTRO: Now ask and answer about the story. Turn each statement into a question starting with the cue word, then answer it in the present perfect. Open the story if you need it.
RUBRIC: The learner must form a question starting with the cue word in the present perfect tense, and answer it accurately according to the printed statement. Treat the model answer as the factual key.
INTRO: Last part — three quick skill builders. First, sounds: for each key word, tap the word whose marked letters make the same sound as the underlined part of the key word.
INTRO: You can often guess a new word from its sentence — and the more the sentence says, the surer you can be. As each version adds context, type "may be", "is not", or "is" for each possible meaning.
INSTRUCTION: Read the sentence. Use the other words in the sentence to find what the underlined word means. Type "may be", "is not", or "is" for each option.
INTRO: To finish the lesson, a numbers dictation about one very well-traveled brother. Listen to each sentence and type the number or numbers you hear. That's the end of Lesson 1 — nice work.
INSTRUCTION: Type the number or numbers you hear in the sentence.
INPUT: type
CHECK: exact
PROMPT: My brother was born in 1947. {bk12-l1d-f2-01.mp3}
TEMPLATE: A. ____
RESPONSE: 1947
PROMPT: He has spent the last 15 years in the United States Navy. {bk12-l1d-f2-02.mp3}
TEMPLATE: B. ____
RESPONSE: 15
PROMPT: Three years of that time have been spent in Japan, 4 years in Guam, and 3 years in Spain. {bk12-l1d-f2-03.mp3}
TEMPLATE: C. ____{3}
TEMPLATE: D. ____{4}
TEMPLATE: E. ____{3}
RESPONSE: C. 3 D. 4 E. 3
PROMPT: He will be in the Navy for 5 more years. {bk12-l1d-f2-04.mp3}
TEMPLATE: F. ____
RESPONSE: 5
PROMPT: After that, he'll probably spend 20 more years in another job. {bk12-l1d-f2-05.mp3}
TEMPLATE: G. ____
RESPONSE: 20
PROMPT: March 27 is my grandfather's birthday. {bk12-l1d-f2-06.mp3}
TEMPLATE: H. ____
RESPONSE: 27
PROMPT: He will be 72 years old. {bk12-l1d-f2-07.mp3}
TEMPLATE: I. ____
RESPONSE: 72
PROMPT: His 3 sisters, 2 brothers, 5 children, and 10 grandchildren will be there. {bk12-l1d-f2-08.mp3}
TEMPLATE: J. ____{3}
TEMPLATE: K. ____{2}
TEMPLATE: L. ____{5}
TEMPLATE: M. ____{10}
RESPONSE: J. 3 K. 2 L. 5 M. 10
PROMPT: There will also be at least 15 other people there. {bk12-l1d-f2-09.mp3}
