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grammar card sequences for books 7/9/12; b11 fixes: 102 clip boundary, dictation intro, consistent summary tables; b9 sentence-expansion drill -> LLM check

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2026-08-19 13:32:09 +08:00
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book-12-lesson-2.module
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@@ -38,6 +38,37 @@ $GRAMMAR The U.S. School System
ID: l2-s1
INTRO: Welcome to Lesson 2. In this lesson you'll learn to talk about school, careers, and the decisions people make about them — what has already happened, what hasn't happened yet, and what isn't true anymore. First, a quick map of the American school system, from kindergarten all the way to a Ph.D.
CARD: Children in the U.S. start with kindergarten, then attend elementary school for first through fifth grade.
{Kindergarten}
{Elementary school}
{1st-5th grade}
CARD: Next is middle school, covering sixth through eighth grade.
{Middle school}
{6th-8th grade}
CARD: High school is for ninth through twelfth grade. When you finish, you receive a diploma.
{High school}
{9th-12th grade}
{diploma}
CARD: After high school, some students go to technical school for fields like electronics, mechanics, or computers.
{Technical school}
CARD: You can attend a two-year college program to earn an associate degree.
{associate}
CARD: A standard four-year college or university program earns you a bachelor's degree.
{bachelor}
CARD: At a university, you can study further for an advanced degree, such as a master's or a Ph.D.
{master}
{Ph.D.}
CARD: Professional programs like medical school follow after a bachelor's degree.
{Medical school}
SUMMARY:
| SCHOOL | GRADES | DEGREE |
|---|---|---|
| Kindergarten | | |
@@ -63,7 +94,6 @@ May offer associate degrees, Electronics, Mechanics, Computers, etc.
(Medical School follows a bachelor degree.)
# Source: ST §Education in the U.S. (sentences)
$DIALOGUE Schools and Degrees
ID: l2-s2
INTRO: Now hear the school system in sentences. Listen and repeat each one — these words will follow you through the whole lesson.
@@ -542,31 +572,30 @@ $GRAMMAR Already, Still, Yet, Anymore, Any Longer, No Longer
ID: l2-s13
INTRO: Here's how the six time words work — where each one goes in the sentence, and whether it likes questions, negatives, or both. Read it once now; the drills will make it stick.
We use **already** to say something happened before now or before this time. It is used in questions and affirmative statements.
> Ed **already** has a high school diploma.
> Mr. Smith is **already** here.
> Are they **already** in elementary school?
CARD: We use **already** to say something happened before now or before this time. It is used in questions and affirmative statements.
{Ed already has a high school diploma.}
{Mr. Smith is already here.}
{Are they already in elementary school?}
We use **still** to say that a situation is continuing. It usually goes in the middle of the sentence with the verb. It is used in questions and in affirmative and negative statements.
> Ed **still** doesn't have a college degree.
> It was warm yesterday, and it's **still** warm today.
> Are you **still** waiting?
CARD: We use **still** to say that a situation is continuing. It usually goes in the middle of the sentence with the verb.
{Ed still doesn't have a college degree.}
{It was warm yesterday, and it's still warm today.}
{Are you still waiting?}
We use **yet** to ask or talk about something that did not happen before now, but might in the future. It goes at the end of the sentence. It is used in questions and negative statements.
> I'm very hungry. Is dinner ready **yet**?
> Can you wait ten minutes? John isn't here **yet**.
CARD: We use **yet** to ask or talk about something that did not happen before now, but might in the future. It goes at the end of questions and negative statements.
{I'm very hungry. Is dinner ready yet?}
{Can you wait ten minutes? John isn't here yet.}
We use **anymore**, **any longer**, and **no longer** to say that a past situation does not exist.
CARD: **Anymore** and **any longer** say that a past situation does not exist. They go at the end of questions and negative statements.
{Is he in high school anymore?}
{Is he in high school any longer?}
{She isn't in the army anymore.}
{She isn't in the army any longer.}
**Anymore** and **any longer** are used in questions and negative statements. They go at the end of the sentence.
> Is he in high school **anymore**/**any longer**?
> She isn't in the army **anymore**/**any longer**.
CARD: **No longer** also says that a past situation does not exist, but it is used in affirmative statements. It goes in the middle of the sentence with the verb.
{He is no longer a student.}
{She no longer works at night.}
**No longer** is used in affirmative statements. It goes in the middle of the sentence with the verb.
> He is **no longer** a student.
> She **no longer** works at night.
# Source: ST §Ed Already Has a Diploma
$DIALOGUE Reading: Ed Already Has a Diploma
ID: l2-s14
INTRO: Read about Ed, who already has his diploma but doesn't have a job yet. Notice the time words quietly doing all the work.
@@ -1044,14 +1073,23 @@ $GRAMMAR So — Expressing a Result
ID: l2-s26
INTRO: A closer look at "so": it links a situation to its result.
We use the conjunction **so** to express the result of a situation.
CARD: We use the conjunction **so** to show the result of a situation or action.
{I don't have any cash, so I'll write a check.}
CARD: It joins two ideas together. The situation comes first, followed by **so** and the result.
{It is raining, so we will stay inside.}
{He was tired, so he went to bed early.}
CARD: Compare **so** with **because**. **Because** introduces the reason, while **so** introduces the result.
{Because I don't have any cash, I'll write a check.}
{I don't have any cash, so I'll write a check.}
SUMMARY:
| SITUATION | RESULT |
|---|---|
| Because I don't have any cash, | I'll write a check. |
| I don't have any cash, | **so** I'll write a check. |
# Source: ST §Use "So"
$PRODUCE Practice: Use So
ID: l2-s27
INPUT: speak
@@ -1093,14 +1131,24 @@ $GRAMMAR Or — Expressing a Choice
ID: l2-s28
INTRO: And now "or": it links two choices.
We use the conjunction **or** to express a choice.
CARD: We use the word **or** to express a choice. Here are two separate options.
{We can charge the gas.}
{We can pay cash for it.}
CARD: You can combine these two choices into one sentence using **or**. We use a comma before **or** when connecting two full sentences.
{We can charge the gas, or we can pay cash for it.}
CARD: Let's look at another example of expressing a choice.
{You can take the bus.}
{You can walk to work.}
{You can take the bus, or you can walk to work.}
SUMMARY:
| | | |
|---|---|---|
| We can charge the gas. | | We can pay cash for it. |
| We can charge the gas, | **or** | we can pay cash for it. |
# Source: ST §Use "Or"
$PRODUCE Practice: Use Or
ID: l2-s29
INPUT: speak
@@ -1395,24 +1443,24 @@ $GRAMMAR The Present Perfect: Indefinite Past
ID: l2-s20
INTRO: Here are the present perfect forms at work in short exchanges. Read them over before the drills — the participles are the tricky part.
**Present Perfect Tense** (have/has + past participle)
CARD: Form the present perfect tense with **have** or **has** and a past participle. It's often used to ask about past experiences without giving an exact time.
{Have you ever been to France?}
{No, I never have. Have you?}
> Doug: **Have** you ever **been** to France?
> Dave: No, I **never have**. **Have** you?
CARD: Use **haven't** or **hasn't** for negative statements. We often add **yet** to questions and negatives to show something hasn't happened before now.
{Don't hang up! I haven't talked to Tom yet.}
{Has Tony chosen a university yet?}
{No, he hasn't decided anything about his future.}
> Rick: Don't hang up! I **haven't talked** to Tom yet.
> Jack: Too late. He's **already hung up**.
CARD: We use **already** to show something happened sooner than expected. Notice how **he has** combines into the contraction **he's**.
{Too late. He's already hung up.}
{Yes, I have. He's already borrowed $5.00 from me.}
> Mike: **Has** Tony **chosen** a university yet?
> Cory: No, he **hasn't decided** anything about his future.
CARD: Many verbs have irregular past participles in this tense. You will need to learn forms like spent, bought, and lent.
{How much money have you spent today?}
{Not much. I've only bought a magazine.}
{Have you lent Aldo any money today?}
> Carl: How much money **have** you **spent** today?
> Nick: Not much. I've only **bought** a magazine.
> Greg: **Have** you **lent** Aldo any money today?
> Fred: Yes, I **have**. He's **already borrowed** $5.00 from me.
# Source: LLA 2C Figure 2
$PRODUCE Answer With Already and Yet
ID: 2c-f2
INPUT: type