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v2.3: grammar card sequences (37 activities) + PLAY_ROLE role-plays (6) in books 10/11

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Co-authored-by: Cursor <cursoragent@cursor.com>
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@@ -782,23 +782,23 @@ $SESSION 4-4: Could and Reported Speech
# Source: ST Grammar §Could as Past Ability
$GRAMMAR Could — Past Ability
ID: l4-s12
INTRO: In this part you'll learn two things: saying what people were able to do in the past with "could", and reporting what people said. First, "could".
INTRO: In this part you'll learn how to say what people were able to do in the past with "could".
Use **could** for things you were able to do in the past, and **couldn't** for things you weren't able to do.
CARD: Use **could** to talk about things you were able to do in the past. It means "was able to."
{Can you run a mile in five minutes?}
{I could when I was younger, but I can't now.}
CARD: To ask a question about past ability, start the sentence with **could**.
{Could Henry repair the motor?}
CARD: For things someone was not able to do, use **couldn't**. This is short for "could not."
{No, he couldn't. He didn't have the right tools.}
SUMMARY:
| | |
|---|---|
| COULD = WAS ABLE TO | COULD + NOT = COULDN'T |
![A young boy struggling to button his shirt](st-page_140_001.jpg)
**Examples:**
* {Can you run a mile in five minutes?}
{I could when I was younger, but I can't now.}
* {Could Henry repair the motor?}
{No, he couldn't. He didn't have the right tools.}
# Source: LLA 4B, Listening and Speaking
$DIALOGUE Could and Couldn't
ID: 4b-ls1
INTRO: Listen to sentences with "could" and "couldn't" — what was possible then, and what wasn't. Repeat each one.
@@ -947,24 +947,30 @@ $GRAMMAR Indirect Speech
ID: l4-s18
INTRO: Now for reported speech: how to tell someone what another person said, using "told" and a past-tense verb.
**Indirect Speech** reports what another person has said. For this reason, it is also called reported speech. The speaker's exact words aren't repeated in indirect speech:
CARD: Direct speech repeats a speaker's exact words, often in the present tense.
{I'm out of money.}
{I have some cash.}
1. Present tense verbs change to the past tense.
2. Pronouns and possessive adjectives change from first or second person to third person (unless someone is reporting his own words).
CARD: Indirect speech reports what someone said without repeating their exact words. When we do this, present tense verbs change to the past tense.
{Jan told Jim she was out of money.}
**Direct speech (present tense):**
Jan: {I'm out of money.}
Jim: {I have some cash.}
CARD: Pronouns also change to match who is being talked about. First-person pronouns like "I" change to the third person, such as "he" or "she".
{Jim told her that he had some cash.}
**Indirect speech:**
CARD: You can use the word "that" to introduce the reported words. However, using "that" is completely optional.
{Jim told her that he had some cash.}
{Jan told Jim she was out of money.}
CARD: The only time pronouns do not change to the third person is when you are reporting your own words.
{I told Jan I had some cash.}
SUMMARY:
| TOLD | INDIRECT OBJECT | (THAT) | PAST TENSE NOUN CLAUSE |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jan told | Jim | | she was out of money. |
| Jim told | her | that | he had some cash. |
| I told | Jan | | I had some cash. |
# Source: ST §The Instructor Told Annette That She Passed the Test
$DIALOGUE Annette's Test Grade
ID: l4-s19
INTRO: Annette is worried about her test grade. First she talks to Mr. Reed; then she reports the whole conversation to Kenneth. Read both dialogs and watch the verbs change.
@@ -1105,59 +1111,79 @@ LINE: then she can relax. {page_082_002.jpg} {bk11-l4b-f4-08.mp3}
# Source: ST Grammar §Prepositions of Time
$GRAMMAR Prepositions of Time
ID: l4-s23
INTRO: Here's the full toolbox: "at", "on", "in", "before", "after", "from", "until", "for", and "since" — and when each one is the right choice.
INTRO: Here's the full toolbox of time prepositions: "at", "on", "in", "before", "after", "from", "until", "for", and "since" — and when each one is the right choice.
The following prepositions indicate time: {at}, {in}, {on}, {before}, {after}, {from}, {until}, {till}, {to}, {for}, and {since}.
CARD: English has many prepositions that indicate time. Here are the most common ones.
{at}
{in}
{on}
{before}
{after}
{from}
{until}
{till}
{to}
{for}
{since}
**At** is used with the time of day, with an age, and with the words night, first, last, beginning, and end.
**Examples:**
* at noon, at midnight, at 7:30 a.m.
* at the age of twelve
* at night, at first, at last
* at the beginning, at the end
CARD: Use **at** with times of day, an age, and specific points like night, first, last, beginning, and end.
{at noon}
{at midnight}
{at 7:30 a.m.}
{at the age of twelve}
{at night}
{at first}
{at last}
{at the beginning}
{at the end}
**On** is used with days and dates. It can also be used with parts of a certain day and the words time and schedule.
**Examples:**
* on Monday, on your birthday
* on October 18
* on the evening of June 8
* on time, on schedule
CARD: Use **on** for days, dates, parts of a specific day, and in phrases like "on time" and "on schedule".
{on Monday}
{on your birthday}
{on October 18}
{on the evening of June 8}
{on time}
{on schedule}
**In** is used with quantities of time and with the words beginning and end.
**Examples:**
* in ten minutes, in an hour
* in a week, in two years
* in the beginning, in the end
CARD: Use **in** with quantities of time, or with the words "beginning" and "end".
{in ten minutes}
{in an hour}
{in a week}
{in two years}
{in the beginning}
{in the end}
**Before** and **after** are used with time of day, with dates, and with nouns that name events or occurrences.
**Examples:**
* before noon, after 5:00 p.m.
* before December 31, after April 15
* before the game, after dinner
**After** can also be used with a quantity of time.
* after six months, after thirty years
CARD: Use **before** and **after** with times, dates, and events. You can also use **after** with a quantity of time.
{before noon}
{after 5:00 p.m.}
{before December 31}
{after April 15}
{before the game}
{after dinner}
{after six months}
{after thirty years}
**From** is used with to and till/until to indicate periods of time.
**Examples:**
* from 1985 to 1993
* from May 1 until June 15
* from 10:00 a.m. till 5:30 p.m.
CARD: To show a period starting and ending, use **from** combined with **to**, **until**, or **till**.
{from 1985 to 1993}
{from May 1 until June 15}
{from 10:00 a.m. till 5:30 p.m.}
**Until/till** can also be used alone with days, dates, and times.
**Examples:**
* until next Friday, till next week
* until 1997, till August 2
* until 10:00 p.m., till midnight
CARD: Use **until** or **till** by themselves with days, dates, and times to show when something ends.
{until next Friday}
{till next week}
{until 1997}
{till August 2}
{until 10:00 p.m.}
{till midnight}
**For** is used with periods of time.
**Examples:**
* for half an hour, for three weeks, for one year
CARD: Use **for** with periods of time to show duration, and **since** with definite starting times in the past.
{for half an hour}
{for three weeks}
{for one year}
{since Sunday}
{since 6:00 this morning}
{since 1988}
**Since** is used with definite times.
**Examples:**
* since Sunday, since 6:00 this morning, since 1988
# Source: ST §Ed Arrives on Monday
$DIALOGUE Time Expressions in Sentences
ID: l4-s24
INTRO: Read these sentences and notice which preposition goes with each time expression. No repeating this time — just read and listen.