$MODULE Book 12 · Lesson 1: What Will Happen If...? {st-page_009_001.jpg|A collage of various scenes depicting people enjoying outdoor activities, beach scenes, and weather elements}
FORMAT: 2
DIOCO_DOC_ID: alc_book12_lesson1
DESCRIPTION: Weather and beach vocabulary, conditional sentences with "if", talking about feelings, and the present perfect with "for" and "since" — plus listening for numbers, sound practice, and short readings.
TARGET_LANG_G: en
HOME_LANG_G: en
VOICE_DEFAULT: aoede | Clear, friendly American English narrator
VOICE_PROMPT: gacrux | Questions and cues, read clearly
VOICE_RESPONSE: schedar | Model answers, warm and clear
VOICE: SpeakerA | achird | Male speaker
VOICE: SpeakerB | aoede | Female speaker
VOICE: Betty | aoede | Female speaker
VOICE: Mary | gacrux | Female speaker
VOICE: Paul | puck | Male speaker
VOICE: Sam | alnilam | Male speaker
VOICE: Jim | rasalgethi | Male speaker
VOICE: Joe | umbriel | Male speaker
VOICE: John | fenrir | Male speaker
VOICE: Mark | algenib | Male speaker
VOICE: Kim | achernar | Female speaker
VOICE: Ali | algieba | Male speaker
VOICE: Pat | enceladus | Male speaker
VOICE: Luke | sadachbia | Male speaker
VOICE: Tony | sadaltager | Male speaker
VOICE: Andy | zubenelgenubi | Male speaker
VOICE: Art | orus | Male speaker
VOICE: Phil | schedar | Male speaker
VOICE: Tim | achird | Male speaker
VOICE: Sharif | iapetus | Male speaker
VOICE: Owen | charon | Male speaker
VOICE: Chuck | orus | Male speaker
VOICE: Bob | schedar | Male speaker
VOICE: Don | achird | Male speaker
VOICE: Jack | charon | Male speaker
VOICE: Bill | iapetus | Male speaker
VOICE: Dale | achird | Male speaker
VOICE: Gene | schedar | Male speaker
VOICE: Lynn | aoede | Female speaker
VOICE: Gwen | gacrux | Female speaker
VOICE: Roger | achird | Male speaker
VOICE: Friend | charon | Male speaker
VOICE: Pete | schedar | Male speaker
VOICE: Henry | achird | Male speaker
VOICE: Man | schedar | Male speaker
VOICE: Sarah | aoede | Female speaker
VOICE: Narrator | achernar | speaker (auto)

$SESSION 1-1: Weather and the Beach

# Source: LLA 1A vocabulary presentation
$DIALOGUE New Words: Weather and the Beach
ID: 12-1a-vocab
INTRO: In this lesson you'll learn to talk about the weather and the beach, to say what will happen "if" something else happens, and to say how long things have lasted. First, the new words — listen to each sentence and repeat it.
INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each sentence.
REPEAT

VOCAB: calm
LINE: If the sea is calm, we can take the baby on the boat. {bk12-l1a-f1-01.mp3}

VOCAB: beach
LINE: The Wilsons enjoyed their vacation at the beach. {bk12-l1a-f1-02.mp3}

VOCAB: wind
LINE: I like to be on the beach when the wind is blowing softly. {bk12-l1a-f1-03.mp3}

VOCAB: to slip
LINE: Joey spilled some water on the floor. His mother slipped and fell down. {bk12-l1a-f1-04.mp3}

VOCAB: clear
LINE: There are no clouds in the sky. It's a beautiful clear day. {bk12-l1a-f1-05.mp3}

VOCAB: deep
LINE: Alice never swims in the deep part of the lake. {bk12-l1a-f1-06.mp3}

VOCAB: frightened
LINE: The children were frightened when the lights went out. {bk12-l1a-f1-07.mp3}

# Source: LLA 1A vocabulary Q&A
$PRODUCE Answer About the New Words
ID: 12-1a-qa
INTRO: The same sentences come back as questions — a quick memory check. Answer aloud in a complete sentence, then repeat the model answer.
INSTRUCTION: Answer the question aloud.
INPUT: speak
CHECK: reveal
REPEAT

PROMPT: Can we take the baby on the boat? {bk12-l1a-f1-qa-01-q.mp3}
RESPONSE: We can take the baby on the boat if the sea is calm. {bk12-l1a-f1-qa-01-a.mp3}

PROMPT: Where did the Wilsons go on their vacation? {bk12-l1a-f1-qa-02-q.mp3}
RESPONSE: They went to the beach. {bk12-l1a-f1-qa-02-a.mp3}

PROMPT: When do you like to be on the beach? {bk12-l1a-f1-qa-03-q.mp3}
RESPONSE: I like to be on the beach when the wind is blowing softly. {bk12-l1a-f1-qa-03-a.mp3}

PROMPT: What happened to Joey's mother? {bk12-l1a-f1-qa-04-q.mp3}
RESPONSE: She slipped on some water and fell down. {bk12-l1a-f1-qa-04-a.mp3}

PROMPT: Is it a cloudy day? {bk12-l1a-f1-qa-05-q.mp3}
RESPONSE: No. It's a clear day. There are no clouds in the sky. {bk12-l1a-f1-qa-05-a.mp3}

PROMPT: Does Alice swim in the deep part of the lake? {bk12-l1a-f1-qa-06-q.mp3}
RESPONSE: No. She never swims in the deep part of the lake. {bk12-l1a-f1-qa-06-a.mp3}

PROMPT: When were the children frightened? {bk12-l1a-f1-qa-07-q.mp3}
RESPONSE: They were frightened when the lights went out. {bk12-l1a-f1-qa-07-a.mp3}

# Source: ST §Hot Climate or Cold Climate?
$DIALOGUE Hot Climate or Cold Climate?
ID: l1-s1
INTRO: More weather words — "climate", "heat", "humidity", and their friends. Listen to each sentence and repeat it.
INSTRUCTION: Repeat the new words and sentences.
REPEAT

VOCAB: climate
LINE: The weather of a place is its climate.
LINE: Puerto Rico has a very nice climate.

VOCAB: heat
LINE: We receive heat from the sun.
LINE: The heat from the fire will dry your clothes.

VOCAB: humidity
LINE: Water in the air is called humidity.
LINE: The humidity is very high near the ocean.

VOCAB: humid
LINE: When there's a lot of water in the air, we say it's humid.
LINE: It's often very humid in Houston.

VOCAB: sea
LINE: A sea is full of salty water.
LINE: The Mediterranean Sea is between Europe and Africa.

LINE: A beach is the land next to a sea or an ocean.
LINE: Children enjoy playing at the beach.

VOCAB: to blow
LINE: Usually a breeze blows softly in the evening.
LINE: The wind blew very hard yesterday.
LINE: Oh no! The wind has blown my papers off my desk.

VOCAB: to expect
LINE: My sister said she would call me today. I'm expecting her call.
LINE: It's 11:00 o'clock. I expect the bus to come soon.

VOCAB: during
LINE: It was still freezing during April.
LINE: We used to go swimming every day during the summer.

# Source: ST §Dear Mary
$DIALOGUE Dear Mary {st-page_012_001.jpg|A boy and a girl standing barefoot on a sandy beach looking out at the ocean waves and birds flying overhead}
ID: l1-s2
INTRO: Betty writes to her sister Mary in freezing New York and tries very hard to sell her on a beach visit. Read the letter.
INSTRUCTION: Read the letter.

Narrator: Dear Mary,
Narrator: Since you're tired of the freezing temperatures in New York, come and visit us during spring break (March 23rd to 28th)!
Narrator: I'm sending you a picture of your niece and nephew at the beach.
Narrator: The wind really blew that day but, don't worry, it hasn't blown much since.
Narrator: Don't you just want to come when you see the beach?
Narrator: You say that you don't want to come because of our hot climate, but you don't really feel the heat when you're near the water, Sis.
NOTES: Sis = Sister
Narrator: When you're next to the water and the breeze blows, you don't feel the humidity.
Narrator: It's more humid in New York in the summer than it is here. Come down and you will see.
Narrator: I hope it's clear to you that I want you to come and spend time with us.
Narrator: I expect to hear from you soon.
Narrator: Your sister,

# Source: ST §Where's Carl?
$DIALOGUE Where's Carl? {st-page_013_001.jpg|A thought bubble showing a man at a desk thinking about another man waving; in the foreground, two women talk at an airport terminal near Gate 1 with an airplane visible outside the window}
ID: l1-s3
INTRO: The letter worked — Mary lands at the airport. Her husband Carl stayed home, though. Listen to why, and repeat each line.
INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each line.
REPEAT

Betty: I'm so glad you came.

Mary: It's nice to see you, too.

Betty: Why didn't Carl come with you?

Mary: He hasn't felt well ever since he slipped and fell at work last month.
LINE: He wants to remain in New York until he finishes his medicine and sees the doctor again.

VOCAB: to last
Betty: How long is his medicine going to last?

Mary: It'll last about one more week.

Betty: Poor Carl.
VOCAB: slippery
VOCAB: dangerous
LINE: Slippery floors are very dangerous.
LINE: Are they going to do anything to make the floors less slippery?

VOCAB: carpeting
Mary: They're going to put in carpeting.
NOTES: carpeting = carpet

Betty: I'm glad they learned something from this.

# Source: LLA 1A Figure 1
$DIALOGUE Where Would You Like to Live?
ID: 12-1a-f1
INTRO: Two friends dream up the perfect address — calm sea, soft wind, and no actual plans to move. Just listen.
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the conversation.

SpeakerA: Where would you like to live? {bk12-l1a-f1-08.mp3}
SpeakerB: I'd like to live in a place near the beach, where the sea is calm and the wind blows softly. {bk12-l1a-f1-09.mp3}
LINE: This place would have a warm climate and a little humidity. {bk12-l1a-f1-10.mp3}
SpeakerA: Do you ever expect to live in this place? {bk12-l1a-f1-11.mp3}
SpeakerB: I don't know, but it's a nice thought. {bk12-l1a-f1-12.mp3}

# Source: LLA 1A Figure 1 role-play
$DIALOGUE Role-Play: Describe Your Dream Place
ID: 12-1a-f1-rp
REFERENCE: 12-1a-f1
PLAY_ROLE: SpeakerB
INSTRUCTION: You are SpeakerB — speak your lines in the pauses.
INTRO: Now practice the conversation. Listen to the question, then say your lines in the pauses.

# Source: LLA 1A Figure 2 (switch roles)
$DIALOGUE Role-Play: Ask the Questions
ID: 12-1a-f2-rp
REFERENCE: 12-1a-f1
PLAY_ROLE: SpeakerA
INSTRUCTION: You are SpeakerA — speak your lines in the pauses.
INTRO: Switch roles. This time you start the conversation and ask the questions.

# Source: LLA 1A Figure 2 dialogue
$DIALOGUE New York Winters
ID: 12-1a-f2-dialogue
INTRO: Six months of winter and one hurt leg — here's why January in New York is a tough sell. Just listen.
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the conversation.

SpeakerA: Where does your brother live? {bk12-l1a-f2-01.mp3}
SpeakerB: He lives in New York City. {bk12-l1a-f2-02.mp3}
SpeakerA: How long does winter last there? {bk12-l1a-f2-03.mp3}
SpeakerB: It lasts about 6 months. Next year he wants to move to Miami during the winter. {bk12-l1a-f2-04.mp3}
SpeakerA: Are the winters unpleasant? {bk12-l1a-f2-05.mp3}
SpeakerB: Well, they can be dangerous. Last year he slipped on the ice and hurt his leg. {bk12-l1a-f2-06.mp3}
SpeakerA: Maybe he shouldn't stay in New York. {bk12-l1a-f2-07.mp3}
SpeakerB: He likes living there except in the winter. {bk12-l1a-f2-08.mp3}

# Source: LLA 1A Figure 3 role-play
$DIALOGUE Role-Play: Talk About the Winters
ID: 12-1a-f3-rp
REFERENCE: 12-1a-f2-dialogue
PLAY_ROLE: SpeakerB
INSTRUCTION: You are SpeakerB — speak your lines in the pauses.
INTRO: Practice the conversation about New York winters. Listen to the questions and say your lines in the pauses.

# Source: LLA 1A Figure 4 role-play
$DIALOGUE Role-Play: Ask About the Winters
ID: 12-1a-f4-rp
REFERENCE: 12-1a-f2-dialogue
PLAY_ROLE: SpeakerA
INSTRUCTION: You are SpeakerA — speak your lines in the pauses.
INTRO: Switch roles. You begin the conversation by asking where the speaker's brother lives.

$SESSION 1-2: What Will Happen If...?

# Source: LLA 1A Figure 5
$DIALOGUE Sentences with "If"
ID: 12-1a-f5
INTRO: Here's this lesson's main pattern: one thing will happen "if" another thing happens. Listen to each sentence and repeat it.
INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat.
REPEAT

LINE: If Carl finishes his homework, he'll come to the movie with us. {bk12-l1a-f5-01.mp3}
LINE: Sam will pick Linda up if the plane arrives before 8 o'clock. {bk12-l1a-f5-02.mp3}
LINE: Greg will hurt his back if he slips on the ice. {bk12-l1a-f5-03.mp3}
LINE: If it clears up, my family is going to the beach. {bk12-l1a-f5-04.mp3}
LINE: Bobby won't be frightened to swim there if it's not too deep. {bk12-l1a-f5-05.mp3}

# Source: ST §Conditional Sentences (grammar)
$GRAMMAR Conditional Sentences
ID: l1-s11
INTRO: How those sentences are built: an "if" clause plus a main clause, in either order.

CARD: Conditional sentences have two parts: the **if-clause** and the **main clause**.
{If the weather's good, we'll drive to the beach.}
{We'll drive to the beach if the weather's good.}

CARD: When the **if-clause** has the present tense, the **main clause** uses the present or future tense.
{If you finish early, what will you do?}
{Tom can come if he doesn't have to study.}
{Will you read my paper if you have time?}

SUMMARY:
| If Clause | Main Clause |
|---|---|
| If the weather's good, | we drive to the beach.<br>we're driving to the beach.<br>we'll drive to the beach.<br>we're going to drive to the beach. |

| Main Clause | If Clause |
|---|---|
| Tom can come<br>Tom could come<br>Tom may come<br>Tom might come<br>Tom should come<br>Tom must come<br>Tom has to come<br>Tom is able to come | if he doesn't have to study. |

| Main Clause | If Clause |
|---|---|
| Can you read my paper<br>Could you read my paper<br>Will you read my paper<br>Would you read my paper<br>Are you going to read my paper | if you have time? |

| If Clause | Main Clause |
|---|---|
| If you finish early, | how will you tell me?<br>what will you do?<br>where are you going? |

# Source: ST §If We Go to the Beach, We'll Have a Good Time
$DIALOGUE If We Go to the Beach, We'll Have a Good Time {st-page_021_001.jpg|Two young men talking inside a room while looking out towards a beach scene}
ID: l1-s12
INTRO: Bob and Don plan a beach trip — if the weather, the job, and the calendar all cooperate. Read the dialog and notice the "if" clauses.
INSTRUCTION: Read the dialog and study the patterns.

Bob: Let's go to the beach Saturday if the weather's good.
Don: If it's raining Saturday, we can go Sunday.

Bob: I won't be able to go if I have to work Sunday.
Don: If we don't go this weekend, we can always go later.

Bob: If we wait, we may not have good weather.
Don: You're right. We should go Saturday if we can.

LINE: If you speed, you will get a ticket.
LINE: Mike must go if he has a reservation.
LINE: If the telephone rings, can you answer it?

# Source: LLA 1A Figure 6
$SELECT Complete the Sentence with "If"
ID: 12-1a-f6
INTRO: You'll hear the first half of a sentence. Tap the phrase that finishes it correctly, then repeat the whole sentence.
INSTRUCTION: Tap the correct completer.
REPEAT

OPTION: a | if the car is in the garage?
OPTION: b | if he studies hard.
OPTION: c | if it stops raining.
OPTION: d | we'll go out on the boat.
OPTION: e | if you move that bookcase.
OPTION: f | if the water is too deep.
OPTION: g | if his mother is going to get angry.
OPTION: h | if he gets a vacation.

PROMPT: We will go to the beach. {bk12-l1a-f6-01.mp3}
ANSWER: c
FEEDBACK: We will go to the beach if it stops raining.

PROMPT: Jeff's going to Miami. {bk12-l1a-f6-02.mp3}
ANSWER: h
FEEDBACK: Jeff's going to Miami if he gets a vacation.

PROMPT: Sgt. Gates will pass the test. {bk12-l1a-f6-03.mp3}
ANSWER: b
FEEDBACK: Sgt. Gates will pass the test if he studies hard.

PROMPT: You'll hurt your back again. {bk12-l1a-f6-04.mp3}
ANSWER: e
FEEDBACK: You'll hurt your back again if you move that bookcase.

PROMPT: Sam won't move to New York. {bk12-l1a-f6-05.mp3}
ANSWER: g
FEEDBACK: Sam won't move to New York if his mother is going to get angry.

PROMPT: How will Henry get to work? {bk12-l1a-f6-06.mp3}
ANSWER: a
FEEDBACK: How will Henry get to work if the car is in the garage?

PROMPT: Mother won't let us swim there. {bk12-l1a-f6-07.mp3}
ANSWER: f
FEEDBACK: Mother won't let us swim there if the water is too deep.

PROMPT: If the weather clears up... {bk12-l1a-f6-08.mp3}
ANSWER: d
FEEDBACK: If the weather clears up, we'll go out on the boat.

# Source: ST §If You Can't Drive Your Car, I'll Drive Mine
$PRODUCE Combine the Sentences with "If"
ID: l1-s13
INTRO: Two short sentences become one conditional. Say the combined sentence with "if" — either half can come first.
INSTRUCTION: Combine the two sentences into one sentence using "if".
INPUT: speak
CHECK: llm
SHOW_PROMPT
RUBRIC: Accept any correct combination using "if" in either order.

EXAMPLE
PROMPT: Tom can't go. Let's ask Mark.
RESPONSE: If Tom can't go, let's ask Mark.

EXAMPLE
PROMPT: We can ask Ken. Mark can't go.
RESPONSE: We can ask Ken if Mark can't go.

PROMPT: A lot of people are there. We can go to South Beach.
RESPONSE: If a lot of people are there, we can go to South Beach.

PROMPT: I won't be able to drive. My dad needs the car.
RESPONSE: I won't be able to drive if my dad needs the car.

PROMPT: I'll buy some soft drinks. I have enough money.
RESPONSE: I'll buy some soft drinks if I have enough money.

PROMPT: Do you think Tom will come? We ask him.
RESPONSE: Do you think Tom will come if we ask him?

PROMPT: You forget. I'll talk to him in class tomorrow.
RESPONSE: If you forget, I'll talk to him in class tomorrow.

# Source: ST §Shopping List
$GRAMMAR The Shopping List
ID: l1-s14
INTRO: Bob and Don have exactly five dollars and a list of prices. Study the list — the next two activities are about what that money can buy.

CARD: Bob and Don want to buy food for their trip to the beach. They only have **$5.00** to spend.

SUMMARY:
| ITEM | PRICE |
|---|---|
| sodas | $2.50 |
| potato chips | $1.35 |
| corn chips | $1.40 |
| paper cups | $1.10 |
| bread | $ .80 |
| meat | $2.75 |
| fruit | $2.00 |
| ice | $ .75 |
| cookies | $1.75 |

# Source: ST §What Can They Buy?
$PRODUCE What Can They Buy?
ID: l1-s15
REFERENCE: l1-s14
INTRO: Five dollars doesn't go far. For each pair of cues, say whether Bob and Don can buy the second thing "if" they buy the first. Open the shopping list whenever you need it.
INSTRUCTION: Make a sentence with "if". Check the shopping list.
INPUT: speak
CHECK: llm
RUBRIC: Treat the model answer as the factual key for whether the items fit the $5.00 budget; accept any correct conditional sentence with "if" expressing the same can or can't conclusion.

EXAMPLE
TEMPLATE: sodas / potato chips
RESPONSE: If they buy sodas, they can buy potato chips, too.

EXAMPLE
TEMPLATE: sodas and potato chips / corn chips
RESPONSE: If they get sodas and potato chips, they can't get corn chips.

TEMPLATE: sodas and ice / paper cups
RESPONSE: If they buy sodas and ice, they can buy paper cups, too.

TEMPLATE: sodas and fruit / paper cups
RESPONSE: If they buy sodas and fruit, they can't buy paper cups.

TEMPLATE: bread and meat / potato chips
RESPONSE: If they buy bread and meat, they can buy potato chips, too.

TEMPLATE: sodas / meat
RESPONSE: If they buy sodas, they can't buy meat.

TEMPLATE: fruit / cookies
RESPONSE: If they buy fruit, they can buy cookies, too.

TEMPLATE: meat and bread / fruit
RESPONSE: If they buy meat and bread, they can't buy fruit.

TEMPLATE: potato chips / meat
RESPONSE: If they buy potato chips, they can buy meat, too.

TEMPLATE: cookies / bread and meat
RESPONSE: If they buy cookies, they can't buy bread and meat.

TEMPLATE: paper cups and ice / sodas and corn chips
RESPONSE: If they buy paper cups and ice, they can buy sodas, but they can't buy corn chips.

# Source: ST §Can They Buy It?
$PRODUCE Can They Buy It?
ID: l1-s16
REFERENCE: l1-s14
INTRO: Same list, same five dollars — but now you ask the question and answer it. Ask with "if", then give the yes-or-no answer.
INSTRUCTION: Ask and answer a question with "if". Check the shopping list.
INPUT: speak
CHECK: llm
RUBRIC: Treat the model answer as the factual key for the $5.00 budget; accept a question using "if" about the cue items plus the matching correct yes/no answer.

EXAMPLE
TEMPLATE: fruit / meat
RESPONSE: If they buy fruit, can they buy meat, too?\n— Yes, they can.

EXAMPLE
TEMPLATE: fruit / cookies and corn chips
RESPONSE: If they get fruit, can they get cookies and corn chips, too?\n— No, they can't.

TEMPLATE: meat / bread and potato chips
RESPONSE: Can they buy meat if they buy bread and potato chips?\n— Yes, they can.

TEMPLATE: potato chips and corn chips / cookies
RESPONSE: Can they get potato chips and corn chips if they get cookies?\n— Yes, they can.

TEMPLATE: bread and fruit / sodas and ice
RESPONSE: If they buy bread and fruit, can they buy sodas and ice, too?\n— No, they can't.

TEMPLATE: potato chips and bread / fruit and ice
RESPONSE: If they buy potato chips and bread, can they buy fruit and ice, too?\n— Yes, they can.

TEMPLATE: sodas, ice, and paper cups / anything else
RESPONSE: If they buy sodas, ice, and paper cups, can they buy anything else?\n— No, they can't.

# Source: ST §What Will Happen If...?
$PRODUCE What Will Happen If...?
ID: l1-s17
INTRO: Look at each picture and its cues, then ask what will happen "if" — and answer your own question. Fortune-telling, but with grammar.
INSTRUCTION: Ask and answer a question using "if".
INPUT: speak
CHECK: llm
SHOW_PROMPT
RUBRIC: Accept any correct conditional question and matching answer based on the situation described.

EXAMPLE
PROMPT: Ken wants to *try to pass the truck*. He can't see over the hill. *He'll hit the other car.* {st-page_025_001.jpg|A car driving behind a large box truck on a two-lane road going uphill; another car is approaching from the opposite direction over the hill crest}
RESPONSE: What will happen if Ken tries to pass the truck?\n— If Ken tries to pass the truck, he'll hit the other car.

PROMPT: Grace should *slow down*. *The policeman will give her a ticket.* {st-page_025_002.jpg|A car driving down a road towards a movie theater with a policeman standing near the entrance watching the car}
RESPONSE: What will happen if Grace doesn't slow down?\n— If Grace doesn't slow down, the policeman will give her a ticket.

PROMPT: Carmen has to *be careful*. *She may slip on the ice and fall.* {st-page_025_003.jpg|A woman walking carefully across an icy patch of pavement while two men watch her}
RESPONSE: What will happen if Carmen isn't careful?\n— If Carmen isn't careful, she may slip on the ice and fall.

PROMPT: Jim and Ted *might have to walk to school*. *They need to hurry.* {st-page_026_001.jpg|Children standing near a school bus while the driver gets in}
RESPONSE: What will happen if Jim and Ted don't hurry?\n— If Jim and Ted don't hurry, they might have to walk to school.

PROMPT: Bob *doesn't think that he has enough cash*. *He will have to write a check.* {st-page_026_002.jpg|A man standing at a checkout counter with a bag of groceries, reaching into his pocket while the cashier waits}
RESPONSE: What will happen if Bob doesn't have enough cash?\n— If Bob doesn't have enough cash, he will have to write a check.

$SESSION 1-3: Calm, Glad, and Frightened

# Source: LLA 1B vocabulary presentation
$DIALOGUE New Words: Remain, Belong, No Longer
ID: 12-1b-vocab
INTRO: In this part you'll learn words for feelings and everyday situations, and meet a serious storm. First the new words — listen to each sentence and repeat it.
INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each word and sentence.
REPEAT

VOCAB: to remain
LINE: Tim remained in France after his family left. {bk12-l1b-f1-01.mp3}

VOCAB: to belong
LINE: This jacket belongs to Martha. It's hers. {bk12-l1b-f1-02.mp3}

LINE: The weather in London is very humid. It rains a lot. {bk12-l1b-f1-03.mp3}

VOCAB: no longer
LINE: Nina no longer wants to study French. She doesn't think it's interesting. {bk12-l1b-f1-04.mp3}

VOCAB: occasionally
LINE: I eat there occasionally, but not very often. {bk12-l1b-f1-05.mp3}

VOCAB: like
LINE: There are many interesting cities, like Los Angeles and Washington, D.C., to see in the United States. {bk12-l1b-f1-06.mp3}

LINE: The sun gives us a lot of heat. It keeps us warm. {bk12-l1b-f1-07.mp3}

# Source: LLA 1B Figure 1 dialogue
$DIALOGUE After the Storm
ID: 12-1b-f1-dialogue
INTRO: Two people talk about surviving a bad storm — nobody stayed calm, and nobody pretends otherwise. Listen and repeat each line.
INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each line.
REPEAT

VOCAB: storm
SpeakerA: Were you ever in a bad storm before? {bk12-l1b-f1-08.mp3}

SpeakerB: Yes, and I was very frightened. It was about an hour before it stopped. {bk12-l1b-f1-09.mp3}

VOCAB: to clear up
SpeakerA: Then did it clear up? {bk12-l1b-f1-10.mp3}

SpeakerB: Yes. It got very quiet, but the water in the streets was very deep and it was slippery. {bk12-l1b-f1-11.mp3}

SpeakerA: Did you remain calm during the storm? {bk12-l1b-f1-12.mp3}

VOCAB: glad
SpeakerB: No, I didn't. None of us did. We were all very glad when it cleared up. {bk12-l1b-f1-13.mp3}

# Source: LLA 1B Figure 1 role-play
$DIALOGUE Role-Play: Tell About the Storm
ID: 12-1b-f1-role-b
REFERENCE: 12-1b-f1-dialogue
PLAY_ROLE: SpeakerB
INTRO: Now take the second speaker's part in the conversation. Listen to each question and say your line in the pause.
INSTRUCTION: You are SpeakerB — speak your lines in the pauses.

# Source: LLA 1B Figure 2 role-play
$DIALOGUE Role-Play: Ask About the Storm
ID: 12-1b-f2-role-a
REFERENCE: 12-1b-f1-dialogue
PLAY_ROLE: SpeakerA
INTRO: Now change roles. You take the first speaker's part and ask the questions in the pauses.
INSTRUCTION: You are SpeakerA — speak your lines in the pauses.

# Source: LLA 1B Figure 3
$SELECT How Do They Feel?
ID: 12-1b-f3
INTRO: Listen to each short dialogue and choose the word that best describes the speaker's condition or feeling. Then repeat the answer.
INSTRUCTION: Tap the correct word.
REPEAT

EXAMPLE
PROMPT: What's wrong, Gina? — My dog ran away.\nGina's? {bk12-l1b-f3-ex.mp3}
OPTION: a | happy
OPTION: b | tired
OPTION: c | sad
ANSWER: c
FEEDBACK: Gina's sad. {bk12-l1b-f3-ex-fb.mp3}

PROMPT: Hello, sir. Long day?\n— Yes. I was very busy all day.\nHe's? {bk12-l1b-f3-01.mp3}
OPTION: a | tired
OPTION: b | happy
OPTION: c | sick
ANSWER: a
FEEDBACK: He's tired.

PROMPT: Look at that big smile.\n— I made a 95 on my quiz.\nHe's? {bk12-l1b-f3-02.mp3}
OPTION: a | sad
OPTION: b | happy
OPTION: c | angry
ANSWER: b
FEEDBACK: He's happy.

PROMPT: Hi, Phil. How are you today?\n— My stomach hurts, and I have a fever.\nHe's? {bk12-l1b-f3-03.mp3}
OPTION: a | sick
OPTION: b | tired
OPTION: c | careless
ANSWER: a
FEEDBACK: He's sick.

PROMPT: Hey, Jack. Where are you going?\n— It's 11:30, time for lunch.\nHe's? {bk12-l1b-f3-04.mp3}
OPTION: a | late
OPTION: b | sick
OPTION: c | hungry
ANSWER: c
FEEDBACK: He's hungry.

PROMPT: What happened to your leg?\n— I fell down outside the door.\nHe's? {bk12-l1b-f3-05.mp3}
OPTION: a | tired
OPTION: b | sick
OPTION: c | hurt
ANSWER: c
FEEDBACK: He's hurt.

# Source: ST §Ever
$DIALOGUE "Ever" and "Never"
ID: l1-s4
INTRO: Seven quick exchanges built on the little words "ever", "never", "finally", and "anymore". Read the dialogs.
INSTRUCTION: Read the dialogs.

VOCAB: ever
Paul: What did you ever do about your car?
VOCAB: finally
Sam: I finally sold it!

Jim: How did you ever get to Houston on time?
Joe: I took a plane!

John: How did you ever pass that test?
Mark: I studied all night!

Kim: Have you ever been to Europe?
Ali: Yes, I've been there many times.
Kim: What about you, Pat?
VOCAB: never
Pat: No, I've never been there.

Luke: Did you ever write to John?
Tony: No, I never did. I lost his address.
Luke: What about you, Andy?
Andy: Yes, I wrote to him last week.

Art: Do you ever wear your school jacket?
VOCAB: anymore
Phil: No, I never wear it anymore.
Art: What about you, Tim?
Tim: Sure, I wear mine all the time. It's nice and warm.

VOCAB: pita
Sharif: Have you ever had pita bread?
NOTES: pita = a thin, flat bread
Owen: No, I've never had any, but I hear it's great.
Sharif: What about you, Chuck?
Chuck: Yes. I eat it all the time. It's delicious.

# Source: ST §What Ever Happened to ...?
$PRODUCE What Ever Happened to...?
ID: l1-s5
INTRO: Time for some friendly gossip. For each person, ask "What ever happened to...?" and answer with "no longer".
INSTRUCTION: Ask a question about the underlined person, then answer using "no longer".
INPUT: speak
CHECK: llm
SHOW_PROMPT
RUBRIC: Accept a question starting with "What ever happened to [person]?" and an answer using "no longer" followed by the updated situation.

EXAMPLE
PROMPT: *Aunt Virginia* doesn't live in New York any longer. She moved to Texas last year.
RESPONSE: What ever happened to Aunt Virginia?\n— Well, she no longer lives in New York. Now, she lives in Texas.

EXAMPLE
PROMPT: *Your friend Ron* isn't sick any longer. He feels better now.
RESPONSE: What ever happened to your friend Ron?\n— Well, he's no longer sick. Now, he feels better.

PROMPT: *Uncle Paul* doesn't work with Carl any longer. He found another job.
RESPONSE: What ever happened to Uncle Paul?\n— Well, he no longer works with Carl. Now, he found another job.

PROMPT: *Mr. Ross*, your neighbor, doesn't fix cars any longer. He hurt his hands.
RESPONSE: What ever happened to Mr. Ross?\n— Well, he no longer fixes cars. Now, he hurt his hands.

PROMPT: *Frankie* doesn't go to high school any longer. He graduated last May.
RESPONSE: What ever happened to Frankie?\n— Well, he no longer goes to high school. Now, he graduated last May.

PROMPT: *Carl's friend Joe* isn't single any longer. He's married now.
RESPONSE: What ever happened to Carl's friend Joe?\n— Well, he's no longer single. Now, he's married.

PROMPT: *Carl's mother* isn't staying with us any longer.
RESPONSE: What ever happened to Carl's mother?\n— Well, she's no longer staying with us.

PROMPT: *Mrs. Green* doesn't visit us any longer. She can't drive anymore.
RESPONSE: What ever happened to Mrs. Green?\n— Well, she no longer visits us. Now, she can't drive anymore.

PROMPT: *Your friend Dorothy* doesn't write you any longer. She's very busy with her new family.
RESPONSE: What ever happened to your friend Dorothy?\n— Well, she no longer writes. Now, she's very busy with her new family.

PROMPT: *Mr. Sills* doesn't tell funny stories any longer. He doesn't have time now.
RESPONSE: What ever happened to Mr. Sills?\n— Well, he no longer tells funny stories. Now, he doesn't have time.

PROMPT: *Miss Grant* isn't in Spain any longer. She came back to the U.S. last week.
RESPONSE: What ever happened to Miss Grant?\n— Well, she's no longer in Spain. Now, she came back to the U.S. last week.

# Source: ST §Are You Ever Frightened Like That?
$DIALOGUE Are You Ever Frightened Like That?
ID: l1-s7
INTRO: Betty and Mary relax at the beach — mostly. Deep water gives Mary some unpleasant thoughts. Listen and repeat each line.
INSTRUCTION: Repeat the new words, then read the dialog.
REPEAT

VOCAB: quiet
Betty: It's so calm and quiet here--no noise, no problems. I just love being at the beach.

VOCAB: except
VOCAB: to frighten
Mary: I do too. I'm glad we came--except that swimming in the sea frightens me sometimes.

Betty: Why is that?

Mary: I think about swimming too far into the sea, where the water is really deep, and that frightens me.

VOCAB: unpleasant
VOCAB: thought
Betty: Everybody has unpleasant thoughts sometimes.

VOCAB: like that
Mary: Are you ever frightened like that?

Betty: Not very often, but I occasionally worry about the kids' swimming too far.
NOTES: kids = children

Mary: Let's just forget about these unpleasant thoughts and enjoy the beach.

# Source: ST §Carl Wants to Go Fishing
$DIALOGUE Carl Wants to Go Fishing
ID: l1-s8
INTRO: Good news from New York — Carl is feeling better, and the fish at the lake should start worrying. Listen and repeat each line.
INSTRUCTION: Repeat the new words, then read the dialog.
REPEAT

Betty: Did you talk to Carl? Was he feeling better?

Mary: Yes, much better. He said that he drove to the lake last Sunday.
LINE: It was cloudy in the morning, but it cleared up in the afternoon.
LINE: The day was calm and the water was clear.
LINE: He could see the fish there.
LINE: He can't wait until he can go fishing.

Betty: His pain won't last much longer. He'll be ready to go fishing soon.

VOCAB: certainly
Mary: We certainly hope so.

# Source: ST §Stay Calm and Quiet
$PRODUCE Stay Calm and Quiet
ID: l1-s9
INTRO: Now build your own sentences with "stay" and "remain". For each cue, make a sentence using "stay" or "remain" plus an adjective like "calm", "quiet", "happy", "sad", "angry", or "cool".
INSTRUCTION: Make a sentence with "stay" or "remain", an adjective, and the cue.
INPUT: speak
CHECK: llm
RUBRIC: Accept any grammatically correct and logical sentence combining "stay" or "remain", an adjective such as angry, happy, sad, calm, quiet, or cool, and the cue phrase.

EXAMPLE
TEMPLATE: Mr. Williams / drive
RESPONSE: Mr. Williams stays calm when he drives.

EXAMPLE
TEMPLATE: Joe / everyone else is making noise
RESPONSE: Joe remains quiet when everyone else is making noise.

TEMPLATE: when / sleep
RESPONSE: The children stay calm and quiet when they sleep.

TEMPLATE: when / at a party
RESPONSE: They stay happy when they are at a party.

TEMPLATE: during a test
RESPONSE: Students remain quiet during a test.

TEMPLATE: when / have a pain
RESPONSE: He tries to stay calm when he has a pain.

TEMPLATE: when / drive a car
RESPONSE: You should remain calm when you drive a car.

TEMPLATE: when / very hot
RESPONSE: We stay cool when it is very hot.

TEMPLATE: when someone hurts / feelings
RESPONSE: She remains sad when someone hurts her feelings.

TEMPLATE: when / do class work
RESPONSE: The students stay quiet when they do class work.

TEMPLATE: after someone calls / at 3:00 a.m.
RESPONSE: He stays angry after someone calls him at 3:00 a.m.

# Source: ST §Only the Yellow Ones Are Ours
$DIALOGUE Only the Yellow Ones Are Ours {st-page_019_001.jpg|Two women sitting on a couch folding laundry, surrounded by baskets of clothes}
ID: l1-s10
INTRO: The visit is almost over — but first, the great sock mystery must be solved. Listen and repeat each line.
INSTRUCTION: Repeat the new words, then read the dialog.
REPEAT

VOCAB: could use
Betty: Mary, I could use some help.

Mary: I'll be glad to help you. What do you need?

VOCAB: none
VOCAB: mistake
Betty: None of these socks, except the yellow ones, belong to us. I think they belong to you, or I picked them up by mistake at the laundry.

Mary: No. You didn't make a mistake. They belong to us.

Betty: Thank you for clearing that up for me. . . . I'm so glad you decided to come.

VOCAB: be over
Mary: Me too, but I'm sad our visit is almost over. Tomorrow at this time we'll be back in New York.

Betty: Yes, I'm sorry your visit will be over, too. Can you come back next year?

$SESSION 1-4: The Present Perfect — "For" and "Since"

# Source: LLA 1B grammar drill
$DIALOGUE Sentences with "For" and "Since"
ID: 12-1b-drill
INTRO: In this part you'll learn a tense for saying how long: the present perfect. Listen to the sentences with "for" and "since", and repeat each one.
INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat.
REPEAT

LINE: Betty hasn't seen her sister for five weeks. {bk12-l1b-f3-dr-01.mp3}

LINE: Lieutenant Martin has eaten here every Friday since 1984. {bk12-l1b-f3-dr-02.mp3}

LINE: Peter's lived in San Francisco for three years. {bk12-l1b-f3-dr-03.mp3}

LINE: Tom hasn't exercised for two months. {bk12-l1b-f3-dr-04.mp3}

LINE: The soldiers have enjoyed this show for years. {bk12-l1b-f3-dr-05.mp3}

LINE: Sergeant Peterson has walked to work since his car has been in the garage. {bk12-l1b-f3-dr-06.mp3}

LINE: Mike hasn't studied French for 15 years. {bk12-l1b-f3-dr-07.mp3}

LINE: Sandy has had that job since Mr. Adams left. {bk12-l1b-f3-dr-08.mp3}

# Source: ST §Present Perfect (grammar)
$GRAMMAR The Present Perfect
ID: l1-s24
INTRO: How those sentences are built: "have" or "has" plus the past participle — and when to use it instead of the past tense.

CARD: The present perfect tense is formed with **have** or **has** + **the past participle** of the verb.
{I have studied all afternoon.}
{She has studied all afternoon.}
{Have you studied all afternoon?}
{Has he studied all afternoon?}

CARD: Use the **past tense** for situations at a definite time in the past. Use the **present perfect** for indefinite past time or situations continuing to the present.
{Phil lived in Chicago for two years.}
{Phil has lived in Houston for two years.}

SUMMARY:
| | | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| I<br>We<br>You<br>They | have<br>haven't | studied | all afternoon. |
| He<br>She | has<br>hasn't | studied | all afternoon. |

| | | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Have | I<br>we<br>you<br>they | studied | all afternoon? |
| Has | he<br>she | studied | all afternoon? |

| COMPARISON OF PAST TENSE AND PRESENT PERFECT TENSE |
|---|
| We use **past tense** to describe situations that happened at a **definite time** in the past. |
| We use **present perfect tense** to describe situations that have happened at an **indefinite time** (or times) in the past, or situations that have begun in the past and have continued to the present. |

# Source: ST §How Long Has the Engine Sounded Like This?
$DIALOGUE How Long Has the Engine Sounded Like This?
ID: l1-s25
INTRO: Two everyday conversations — a noisy engine and a shrinking skirt. Gwen has a theory about the skirt. Read the dialogs and watch the "has" and "have" forms.
INSTRUCTION: Read the dialogs and study the patterns.

Dale: How long has your car's engine sounded this way?
Gene: I've heard that noise for a week or two, I guess.

Dale: How long has it been since someone put oil in it?
Gene: I don't think anyone has done it for several months.

Lynn: This skirt has gotten tighter every week!
Gwen: Have you washed it often since you bought it?

Lynn: No, I haven't. I've dry-cleaned it since it was new.
Gwen: Well, maybe you've eaten too much since then.

LINE: Pam has had that library book for a month.
LINE: Jack has been in Los Angeles since last summer.
LINE: The Millers have had their house for five years.

# Source: ST §Phil Has Lived There for Two Years
$DIALOGUE Phil Has Lived There for Two Years
ID: l1-s26
INTRO: Three short sentences that show exactly when to use the past tense and when to use the present perfect. Read them carefully.
INSTRUCTION: Read the sentences.

LINE: Phil lived in Chicago for two years. He doesn't live there now.
LINE: Phil has lived in Houston for two years. He still lives there.
LINE: Phil has lived in Houston since 1985. He still lives there.

# Source: ST §Present Perfect Completion
$PRODUCE Complete with "Have" or "Has"
ID: l1-s27
INTRO: Your turn to build the forms. Type the present perfect form of the verb in parentheses.
INSTRUCTION: Type the correct present perfect form.
INPUT: type
CHECK: exact

EXAMPLE
TEMPLATE: Edna ____{has known} Dave for 20 years. (know)
RESPONSE: Edna has known Dave for 20 years.

EXAMPLE
TEMPLATE: Rose and Adam ____{have not taken|haven't taken} any tests this week. (not take)
RESPONSE: Rose and Adam have not taken any tests this week.

EXAMPLE
TEMPLATE: ____{Has} Marta ____{eaten} anything this morning? (eat)
RESPONSE: Has Marta eaten anything this morning?

TEMPLATE: ____{Has} Emily ____{taken} her medicine today? (take)
RESPONSE: Has Emily taken her medicine today?

TEMPLATE: Joe ____{has known} Paul's secret for 11 years. (know)
RESPONSE: Joe has known Paul's secret for 11 years.

TEMPLATE: Henry ____{has not spoken|hasn't spoken} Spanish since he left Spain. (not speak)
RESPONSE: Henry has not spoken Spanish since he left Spain.

TEMPLATE: Iris ____{has written} magazine articles for many years. (write)
RESPONSE: Iris has written magazine articles for many years.

TEMPLATE: Sidney ____{has driven} the same car since he was 18. (drive)
RESPONSE: Sidney has driven the same car since he was 18.

TEMPLATE: We ____{have not eaten|haven't eaten} at Ernie's Place since last summer. (not eat)
RESPONSE: We have not eaten at Ernie's Place since last summer.

TEMPLATE: ____{Has} Sal ____{worn} the same dress everywhere she's been? (wear)
RESPONSE: Has Sal worn the same dress everywhere she's been?

TEMPLATE: Erica ____{has gotten|has got} earaches every winter for 8 years. (get)
RESPONSE: Erica has gotten earaches every winter for 8 years.

TEMPLATE: Chuck ____{has not done|hasn't done} his homework since he broke his elbow. (not do)
RESPONSE: Chuck has not done his homework since he broke his elbow.

TEMPLATE: ____{Has} Al ____{flown} for Sky Way Airlines since he left the Air Force? (fly)
RESPONSE: Has Al flown for Sky Way Airlines since he left the Air Force?

# Source: ST §For and Since (grammar)
$GRAMMAR "For" and "Since"
ID: l1-s28
INTRO: When to use "for" and when to use "since" — a small table with a big payoff.

CARD: In the present perfect tense, we use **for** to show how long something lasted, and **since** to show when something began.
{Peter's lived in San Francisco for three years.}
{Lieutenant Martin has eaten here every Friday since 1984.}

SUMMARY:
| FOR | SINCE |
|---|---|
| {15 minutes} | {8:30} |
| {several hours} | {yesterday} |
| {five days} | {a week ago} |
| {two weeks} | {last week} |
| {six months} | {June} |
| {three years} | {1990} |

# Source: ST §For or Since?
$PRODUCE "For" or "Since"?
ID: l1-s29
REFERENCE: l1-s28
INTRO: Turn each sentence into the present perfect and add a "for" or "since" time expression — your choice, as long as it fits. Open the table if you need ideas.
INSTRUCTION: Make a present perfect sentence with "for" or "since".
INPUT: speak
CHECK: llm
SHOW_PROMPT
RUBRIC: Accept any grammatically correct present perfect sentence based on the prompt with a plausible "for" or "since" time expression; the specific time phrase is the learner's choice.

EXAMPLE
PROMPT: Charles drives a taxi in Chicago.
RESPONSE: Charles has driven a taxi in Chicago for three years.

EXAMPLE
PROMPT: Those salesmen don't work here.
RESPONSE: Those salesmen haven't worked here since June.

PROMPT: Frank feels sick.
RESPONSE: Frank has felt sick for several hours.

PROMPT: Dick and Jane want a dog.
RESPONSE: Dick and Jane have wanted a dog since last week.

PROMPT: The baby is not sleeping well.
RESPONSE: The baby hasn't slept well for five days.

PROMPT: Anne intends to take a vacation.
RESPONSE: Anne has intended to take a vacation since June.

PROMPT: Cory does not exercise regularly.
RESPONSE: Cory hasn't exercised regularly for six months.

PROMPT: The students use these books.
RESPONSE: The students have used these books since 1990.

# Source: LLA 1B Figure 4
$PRODUCE Answer with the Cue
ID: 12-1b-f4
INPUT: speak
CHECK: llm
INTRO: Listen to each question and look at the cue. Answer aloud in a complete sentence using the present perfect tense.
INSTRUCTION: Answer the question using the cue.

EXAMPLE
TEMPLATE: five years
PROMPT: How long have you known Captain Jackson? {bk12-l1b-f4-ex-q.mp3}
RESPONSE: I've known Captain Jackson for five years. {bk12-l1b-f4-ex-a.mp3}

TEMPLATE: no
PROMPT: Have you ever driven to Boston? {bk12-l1b-f4-01.mp3}
RESPONSE: No, I've never driven to Boston.
ACCEPT: No, I have never driven to Boston. | No, I haven't driven to Boston. | No, I haven't.
RUBRIC: Accept negative present perfect responses such as "No, I've never driven to Boston" or "No, I haven't driven to Boston."

TEMPLATE: no, Italian
PROMPT: Has John ever studied German? {bk12-l1b-f4-02.mp3}
RESPONSE: No, he's studied Italian.
ACCEPT: No, he has studied Italian. | No, he's never studied German. He's studied Italian. | No, he hasn't studied German. He's studied Italian.
RUBRIC: Accept answers using present perfect indicating that he hasn't studied German or that he has studied Italian.

TEMPLATE: no, last Wednesday
PROMPT: Has Ted exercised in the gym? {bk12-l1b-f4-03.mp3}
RESPONSE: No, he hasn't exercised in the gym since last Wednesday.
ACCEPT: No, he hasn't exercised since last Wednesday. | No, he has not exercised in the gym since last Wednesday.
RUBRIC: Accept responses using negative present perfect ("hasn't exercised") with "since last Wednesday".

TEMPLATE: yes, two years
PROMPT: Has Ms. Wilson taught English for a long time? {bk12-l1b-f4-04.mp3}
RESPONSE: Yes, she has taught English for two years.
ACCEPT: Yes, she's taught English for two years. | Yes, she has been teaching English for two years.
RUBRIC: Accept affirmative responses using present perfect ("she has taught English" or "she's taught English") with "for two years".

TEMPLATE: no, since he bought the car
PROMPT: Has your brother been saving his money? {bk12-l1b-f4-05.mp3}
RESPONSE: No, he hasn't saved any money since he bought the car.
ACCEPT: No, he hasn't been saving his money since he bought the car. | No, he has not saved any money since he bought the car.
RUBRIC: Accept responses using negative present perfect ("hasn't saved" or "hasn't been saving") with "since he bought the car".

TEMPLATE: no, two weeks
PROMPT: Have you seen your brother? {bk12-l1b-f4-06.mp3}
RESPONSE: No, I haven't seen my brother for two weeks.
ACCEPT: No, I haven't seen him for two weeks. | No, I have not seen my brother for two weeks.
RUBRIC: Accept responses using negative present perfect ("haven't seen my brother" or "haven't seen him") with "for two weeks".

TEMPLATE: yes, since it started
PROMPT: Have you been listening to this tape? {bk12-l1b-f4-07.mp3}
RESPONSE: Yes, I've been listening to this tape since it started.
ACCEPT: Yes, I have been listening to this tape since it started. | Yes, I've listened to this tape since it started.
RUBRIC: Accept affirmative present perfect responses ("I've been listening" or "I have been listening") with "since it started".

# Source: ST §Has Kevin Worked Here for a Long Time?
$PRODUCE Ask and Answer: How Long?
ID: l1-s30
INTRO: Read each mini-dialog, then ask a question with the underlined verb in the present perfect — and answer it from the facts you just read.
INSTRUCTION: Ask and answer a question about the dialog using the present perfect tense and the underlined word.
INPUT: speak
CHECK: llm
SHOW_PROMPT
RUBRIC: Accept a question in the present perfect tense with the underlined cue verb and an answer that matches the facts in the prompt dialog.

EXAMPLE
PROMPT: Ted: How do you like Houston?\nLee: I'm not sure. I've just *lived* here since May.
RESPONSE: Has Lee lived in Houston since May?\n— Yes, he has.

EXAMPLE
PROMPT: Lee: Have you been here for a long time?\nTed: No, I've only *lived* in Houston for a year.
RESPONSE: Has Ted lived in Houston for a long time?\n— No, he hasn't. He's only lived there for a year.

PROMPT: Mike: Have you *known* Trudy very long?\nLuis: I've known her since she was a child.
RESPONSE: Has Luis known Trudy since she was a child?\n— Yes, he has.

PROMPT: Mike: Dale says he's *known* Trudy for a long time too.\nLuis: That's not true. He met her at the beach last month.
RESPONSE: Has Dale known Trudy for a long time?\n— No, he hasn't. He met her last month.

PROMPT: Kate: How long have you and Ron *owned* this house?\nJane: Not long. Just since last summer.
RESPONSE: Have Jane and Ron owned the house for a long time?\n— No, they haven't. Just since last summer.

PROMPT: Jane: Did you and Joe buy your house when you got married?\nKate: Yes. We've *owned* it since 1982.
RESPONSE: Have Kate and Joe owned their house since 1982?\n— Yes, they have.

PROMPT: Al: How have you *felt* this week?\nEd: Not good. I've been tired for several days.
RESPONSE: Has Ed felt good this week?\n— No, he hasn't. He has been tired for several days.

PROMPT: Al: How have you *felt* since you started going to the gym?\nEd: I've felt great since I started going there every day.
RESPONSE: Has Ed felt great since he started going to the gym?\n— Yes, he has.

# Source: ST §Daisy and Donald
$DIALOGUE Daisy and Donald
ID: l1-s31
INTRO: Meet Daisy and Donald, their tired old car, and a helpful nephew at the bank. Read the story — questions follow.
INSTRUCTION: Read the story.

Narrator: Daisy and Donald have wanted to buy a new car for a long time.
Narrator: They have driven Donald's old car since they were married.
Narrator: During the last year, they've had large auto repair bills almost every month.
Narrator: For the last few weeks, they have thought about borrowing the money to buy a new car.
Narrator: They have talked for several days with Hubert D. Louis.
Narrator: Hubert is a nephew of Donald's who has worked at the Golden State Bank for 20 years.
Narrator: He has known Donald and Daisy since he was a child.
Narrator: Donald and Daisy have lived in Los Angeles near Hubert and his brothers for many years and have always worked for the Easy Entertainment Company.
Narrator: Hubert has felt that his uncle's old car was too crowded ever since Donald got it.
Narrator: He is happy to lend Donald and Daisy the money for a new one.

# Source: ST §Questions: Daisy and Donald
$PRODUCE Questions About Daisy and Donald
ID: l1-s32
REFERENCE: l1-s31
INTRO: Now turn each fact from the story into a question starting with the cue word, and answer it. Open the story any time.
INSTRUCTION: Ask and answer a question starting with the given question word.
INPUT: speak
CHECK: llm
SHOW_PROMPT
RUBRIC: Treat the model answer as the factual key. Accept an accurate question starting with the cue word in the present perfect tense and a matching short answer with the same fact.

EXAMPLE
PROMPT: Donald has needed a new car for many years. (who)
RESPONSE: Who has needed a new car for many years?\n— Donald.

PROMPT: Daisy and Donald have wanted to buy a new car for a long time. (how long)
RESPONSE: How long have Daisy and Donald wanted to buy a new car?\n— For a long time.

PROMPT: They have driven Donald's old car since they were married. (what)
RESPONSE: What have they driven since they were married?\n— Donald's old car.

PROMPT: Hubert has worked at the Golden State Bank for 20 years. (where)
RESPONSE: Where has Hubert worked for 20 years?\n— At the Golden State Bank.

PROMPT: Hubert has known Donald and Daisy since he was a child. (since when)
RESPONSE: Since when has Hubert known Donald and Daisy?\n— Since he was a child.

$SESSION 1-5: "If" in Conversation

# Source: ST §If That Happens, ...
$DIALOGUE If That Happens...
ID: l1-s19
INTRO: This part puts your "if" sentences to work in real conversations. First: Paul wants to drive home in truly awful weather. Listen and repeat each line.
INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each line.
REPEAT

Jack: The weather's awful. If you're leaving, you should leave soon.
Paul: Well, I expect to leave at noon if it clears up.
Jack: If it starts freezing, it'll be dangerous.
Paul: Right, but the police will close the roads if it gets too bad.
Jack: What'll you do if that happens?
Paul: Well, if they do that, I'll stop until it clears up.

# Source: ST §What'll You Do If ...?
$DIALOGUE What'll You Do If...?
ID: l1-s20
INTRO: Bob and Bill plan a vacation entirely around the weather — a bold strategy. Listen and repeat each line.
INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each line.
REPEAT

Bob: If you go on vacation this year, where do you think you'll go?
Bill: If I go in the summer, I'll go to the beach.
Bob: Where will you go if you go in the winter?
Bill: Well, if that happens, then I'll go to the mountains.
Bob: If you do that, I'd like to go with you.
Bill: It'll be great if we can go together.

# Source: ST §If ..., I'll ... / I'll ... If ...
$DIALOGUE Say It Both Ways
ID: l1-s21
INTRO: Every "if" sentence works in two orders — "if" first, or "if" last. Listen to each pair and repeat both versions.
INSTRUCTION: Listen and repeat each sentence pair.
REPEAT

LINE: If my friend doesn't like it, can I bring it back?
LINE: Can I bring it back if my friend doesn't like it?
LINE: If you keep your sales slip, you can bring this back.
LINE: You can bring this back if you keep your sales slip.
LINE: There's a hundred-dollar deposit if you have a dog.
LINE: If you have a dog, there's a 100-dollar deposit.
LINE: Do I have to pay the deposit if I have a bird?
LINE: If I have a bird, do I have to pay the deposit?
LINE: What will happen if I don't do well on this test?
LINE: If I don't do well on this test, what will happen?
LINE: If you don't pass, you'll have to take it again.
LINE: You'll have to take it again if you don't pass.

# Source: ST §If You Think About It, You'll Answer Correctly
$SELECT Match the Clauses
ID: l1-s22
INTRO: Each sentence is missing half. Tap the clause that completes it logically — think about the meaning, not just the grammar.
INSTRUCTION: Tap the clause that completes the sentence.
OPTION: a | if the day is hot and humid.
OPTION: b | if dangerous roads frighten you.
OPTION: c | you should start studying your French.
OPTION: d | you may break a bone.
OPTION: e | you can swim in deep water.
OPTION: f | please take a message.
OPTION: g | if you sleep during class.
OPTION: h | if it doesn't rain.
OPTION: i | you'll never forget it.
OPTION: j | we can't go to the beach this afternoon.

EXAMPLE
TEMPLATE: You shouldn't drive in the mountains ____
ANSWER: b

TEMPLATE: If you can swim well, ____
ANSWER: e

TEMPLATE: Don't expect to pass ____
ANSWER: g

TEMPLATE: The roads shouldn't be slippery ____
ANSWER: h

TEMPLATE: If you expect to go to France, ____
ANSWER: c

TEMPLATE: If we have to stay after class, ____
ANSWER: j

TEMPLATE: If you ever see that movie, ____
ANSWER: i

TEMPLATE: A cold drink tastes great ____
ANSWER: a

TEMPLATE: If you slip on the ice, ____
ANSWER: d

TEMPLATE: If someone calls, ____
ANSWER: f

# Source: ST §What Might, Will, or Can Happen If ...?
$PRODUCE What Might, Will, or Can Happen?
ID: l1-s23
INTRO: Now invent your own conditionals. For each cue, ask what might, will, or can happen "if" it comes true — then answer your own question.
INSTRUCTION: Ask and answer a question using might, will, or can with the cue.
INPUT: speak
CHECK: llm
RUBRIC: Accept any correct conditional question and matching answer using might, will, or can and the provided cue words; the specific consequence is the learner's choice as long as it is logical.

EXAMPLE
TEMPLATE: lose your airplane ticket for home
RESPONSE: What might happen if you lose your airplane ticket for home?\n— If I lose my airplane ticket for home, I might call my government to send another one.

TEMPLATE: books fall in the lake
RESPONSE: What will happen if your books fall in the lake?\n— If my books fall in the lake, they will get wet and ruined.

TEMPLATE: don't have money
RESPONSE: What can happen if you don't have money?\n— If I don't have money, I can't buy lunch.

TEMPLATE: lose your wallet
RESPONSE: What might happen if you lose your wallet?\n— If I lose my wallet, someone might turn it in to the police.

TEMPLATE: break someone's window
RESPONSE: What will happen if you break someone's window?\n— If I break someone's window, I'll have to pay for it.

TEMPLATE: have a car accident
RESPONSE: What can happen if you have a car accident?\n— If you have a car accident, your car can be damaged.

TEMPLATE: slip on the stairs
RESPONSE: What might happen if you slip on the stairs?\n— If you slip on the stairs, you might hurt your back.

TEMPLATE: win a million dollars
RESPONSE: What will happen if you win a million dollars?\n— If I win a million dollars, I will buy a new house.

TEMPLATE: find a gold ring
RESPONSE: What can happen if you find a gold ring?\n— If you find a gold ring, you can try to find its owner.

TEMPLATE: class is cancelled
RESPONSE: What might happen if class is cancelled?\n— If class is cancelled, we might go to the library to study.

TEMPLATE: get a promotion
RESPONSE: What will happen if you get a promotion?\n— If I get a promotion, I'll make more money.

# Source: LLA 1D Figure 1, Dialogue 1
$DIALOGUE The Soccer Game
ID: 12-1d-f1-d1
INTRO: Now hear the "if" pattern in fast, real conversations. Two friends need one more soccer player — but homework stands in the way. Just listen.
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the dialogue.

Friend: There's a soccer game at 3:30 today, and we need another player, Roger. {bk12-l1d-f1-01.mp3}
Roger: If I finish my homework, I might be able to play. {bk12-l1d-f1-02.mp3}
Friend: Start on your homework right after class. {bk12-l1d-f1-03.mp3}
Roger: Okay, I will. But if I play, I'll have to walk to the game. I don't have a car. {bk12-l1d-f1-04.mp3}
Friend: I'll drive if you can go. {bk12-l1d-f1-05.mp3}
Roger: Okay. I'll see you at 2:45 if I can go. {bk12-l1d-f1-06.mp3}

# Source: LLA 1D Figure 1, Questions 1–3
$PRODUCE Questions: The Soccer Game
ID: 12-1d-f1-q1
REFERENCE: 12-1d-f1-d1
INTRO: Answer each question aloud using "if" in your answer, then repeat the model. Open the dialogue if you need it.
INSTRUCTION: Answer aloud using "if", then repeat.
INPUT: speak
CHECK: reveal
REPEAT

PROMPT: Can Roger play soccer at 3:30? {bk12-l1d-f1-07.mp3}
RESPONSE: Yes, he can if he finishes his homework. {bk12-l1d-f1-08.mp3}

PROMPT: How will Roger get to the game? {bk12-l1d-f1-09.mp3}
RESPONSE: His friend will drive if he can go. {bk12-l1d-f1-10.mp3}

PROMPT: What time will they meet? {bk12-l1d-f1-11.mp3}
RESPONSE: If Roger can go, he'll meet his friend at 2:45. {bk12-l1d-f1-12.mp3}

# Source: LLA 1D Figure 1, Dialogue 2
$DIALOGUE Packing for a Trip
ID: 12-1d-f1-d2
INTRO: Henry is still packing, and Pete has a small shopping favor to ask. Just listen.
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the dialogue.

Pete: Are you still packing, Henry? {bk12-l1d-f1-13.mp3}
Henry: Yes. If I don't finish tonight, I won't be able to leave at 7:30 tomorrow morning. {bk12-l1d-f1-14.mp3}
Pete: Could you buy something for my kids if I give you the money? {bk12-l1d-f1-15.mp3}
Henry: You may not have to give me any money if the things are cheap, Pete. {bk12-l1d-f1-16.mp3}
Pete: That's great. Okay. Tell me if I owe you any money. {bk12-l1d-f1-17.mp3}
Henry: Sure. No problem. {bk12-l1d-f1-18.mp3}

# Source: LLA 1D Figure 1, Questions 4–6
$PRODUCE Questions: Packing for a Trip
ID: 12-1d-f1-q2
REFERENCE: 12-1d-f1-d2
INTRO: Same task: answer each question aloud using "if", then repeat the model answer. The dialogue is one tap away.
INSTRUCTION: Answer aloud using "if", then repeat.
INPUT: speak
CHECK: reveal
REPEAT

PROMPT: Why must Henry finish packing tonight? {bk12-l1d-f1-19.mp3}
RESPONSE: If he doesn't finish tonight, he won't be able to leave at 7:30. {bk12-l1d-f1-20.mp3}

PROMPT: Will Pete have to give Henry any money if the things for the children are cheap? {bk12-l1d-f1-21.mp3}
RESPONSE: No, Pete won't have to give Henry any money if the things for the children are cheap. {bk12-l1d-f1-22.mp3}

PROMPT: What will Henry tell Pete? {bk12-l1d-f1-23.mp3}
RESPONSE: Henry will tell Pete if he owes him any money. {bk12-l1d-f1-24.mp3}

# Source: LLA 1D Figure 1, Dialogue 3
$DIALOGUE Plans for Tomorrow
ID: 12-1d-f1-d3
INTRO: Sarah has tomorrow all planned out — with a backup plan for every kind of weather. Just listen.
INSTRUCTION: Listen to the dialogue.

Man: Why are you still here, Sarah? {bk12-l1d-f1-25.mp3}
Sarah: I have to stay late if I want to take leave tomorrow. {bk12-l1d-f1-26.mp3}
Man: What are you going to do tomorrow? {bk12-l1d-f1-27.mp3}
Sarah: If the weather is nice, I'm going to the lake. If it rains, I'm going to the mall. {bk12-l1d-f1-28.mp3}
Man: That sounds like fun. Have a good time. {bk12-l1d-f1-29.mp3}
Sarah: I will, if I finish my work today. {bk12-l1d-f1-30.mp3}

# Source: LLA 1D Figure 1, Questions 7–9
$PRODUCE Questions: Plans for Tomorrow
ID: 12-1d-f1-q3
REFERENCE: 12-1d-f1-d3
INTRO: Last set — answer each question aloud using "if", then repeat the model answer.
INSTRUCTION: Answer aloud using "if", then repeat.
INPUT: speak
CHECK: reveal
REPEAT

PROMPT: Why does Sarah have to stay late? {bk12-l1d-f1-31.mp3}
RESPONSE: She has to stay late if she wants leave tomorrow. {bk12-l1d-f1-32.mp3}

PROMPT: What will Sarah do tomorrow? {bk12-l1d-f1-33.mp3}
RESPONSE: If the weather is nice, she's going to the lake. If it rains, she's going to the mall. {bk12-l1d-f1-34.mp3}

PROMPT: Will Sarah have fun? {bk12-l1d-f1-35.mp3}
RESPONSE: Yes, she will if she finishes her work. {bk12-l1d-f1-36.mp3}

$SESSION 1-6: Sharp Ears — Numbers, Sounds, and Reading

# Source: LLA 1D Figure 2, Paragraph 1
$DIALOGUE Numbers by Ear: A Navy Career
ID: 12-1d-f2-p1-story
INTRO: One last part to sharpen your ears and eyes: catching numbers, matching sounds, and reading for meaning. First, listen to a paragraph about a Navy career — and try to catch every number in it.
INSTRUCTION: Listen for the numbers.

LINE: My brother was born in 1947. {bk12-l1d-f2-01.mp3}
LINE: He has spent the last 15 years in the United States Navy. {bk12-l1d-f2-02.mp3}
LINE: Three years of that time have been spent in Japan, 4 years in Guam, and 3 years in Spain. {bk12-l1d-f2-03.mp3}
LINE: He will be in the Navy for 5 more years. {bk12-l1d-f2-04.mp3}
LINE: After that, he'll probably spend 20 more years in another job. {bk12-l1d-f2-05.mp3}

# Source: LLA 1D Figure 2, write the numbers (Paragraph 1)
$PRODUCE Write the Numbers: A Navy Career
ID: 12-1d-f2-p1
REFERENCE: 12-1d-f2-p1-story
INTRO: How many did you catch? Type the numbers from the paragraph — replay it if one got away.
INSTRUCTION: Type each number.
INPUT: type
CHECK: exact

TEMPLATE: A. Year brother was born: ____
RESPONSE: 1947
ACCEPT: nineteen forty-seven | nineteen forty seven

TEMPLATE: B. Years spent in the Navy: ____
RESPONSE: 15
ACCEPT: fifteen

TEMPLATE: C. Years spent in Japan: ____
RESPONSE: 3
ACCEPT: three

TEMPLATE: D. Years spent in Guam: ____
RESPONSE: 4
ACCEPT: four

TEMPLATE: E. Years spent in Spain: ____
RESPONSE: 3
ACCEPT: three

TEMPLATE: F. More years in the Navy: ____
RESPONSE: 5
ACCEPT: five

TEMPLATE: G. Probable years in another job: ____
RESPONSE: 20
ACCEPT: twenty

# Source: LLA 1D Figure 2, Paragraph 2
$DIALOGUE Numbers by Ear: Grandfather's Birthday
ID: 12-1d-f2-p2-story
INTRO: Round two: a birthday party with an impressive guest list. Listen and catch the numbers.
INSTRUCTION: Listen for the numbers.

LINE: March 27 is my grandfather's birthday. {bk12-l1d-f2-06.mp3}
LINE: He will be 72 years old. {bk12-l1d-f2-07.mp3}
LINE: We are having a party for him. {bk12-l1d-f2-08.mp3}
LINE: His 3 sisters, 2 brothers, 5 children, and 10 grandchildren will be there. {bk12-l1d-f2-09.mp3}
LINE: There will also be at least 15 other people there. {bk12-l1d-f2-10.mp3}
LINE: It will be a wonderful party. {bk12-l1d-f2-11.mp3}

# Source: LLA 1D Figure 2, write the numbers (Paragraph 2)
$PRODUCE Write the Numbers: Grandfather's Birthday
ID: 12-1d-f2-p2
REFERENCE: 12-1d-f2-p2-story
INTRO: Type the numbers from the birthday paragraph — the family is large, so count carefully.
INSTRUCTION: Type each number.
INPUT: type
CHECK: exact

TEMPLATE: H. Day of March: ____
RESPONSE: 27
ACCEPT: twenty-seven | twenty seven

TEMPLATE: I. Grandfather's age: ____
RESPONSE: 72
ACCEPT: seventy-two | seventy two

TEMPLATE: J. Number of sisters: ____
RESPONSE: 3
ACCEPT: three

TEMPLATE: K. Number of brothers: ____
RESPONSE: 2
ACCEPT: two

TEMPLATE: L. Number of children: ____
RESPONSE: 5
ACCEPT: five

TEMPLATE: M. Number of grandchildren: ____
RESPONSE: 10
ACCEPT: ten

TEMPLATE: N. Other people attending: ____
RESPONSE: 15
ACCEPT: fifteen

# SKIPPED (book+tape): LLA 1A Figure 7 Dictation — no transcript or audio provided in source.

# Source: ST §How Do We Say It?
$SELECT How Do We Say It?
ID: l1-s6
INTRO: Sound practice: for each word, tap the word that has the same underlined sound. Trust your ear — English spelling will try to trick you.
INSTRUCTION: Tap the letter of the word that has the same underlined sound.

EXAMPLE
PROMPT: l*au*gh
OPTION: a | fr*ie*nd
OPTION: b | d*o*g
OPTION: c | m*a*tch
ANSWER: c

PROMPT: ex*ch*ange
OPTION: a | e*g*g
OPTION: b | e*x*ercise
OPTION: c | e*s*calator
ANSWER: b

PROMPT: *c*ould
OPTION: a | *c*oin
OPTION: b | *s*hop
OPTION: c | *r*ice
ANSWER: a

PROMPT: cau*ti*on
OPTION: a | *sh*op
OPTION: b | *ch*icken
OPTION: c | *s*on
ANSWER: a

PROMPT: en*g*ine
OPTION: a | *j*ump
OPTION: b | *g*o
OPTION: c | *c*atch
ANSWER: a

PROMPT: fre*qu*ently
OPTION: a | *qu*iet
OPTION: b | *c*an
OPTION: c | *k*ey
ANSWER: a

PROMPT: instruc*t*or
OPTION: a | *k*eep
OPTION: b | *c*ertain
OPTION: c | *s*o
ANSWER: a

PROMPT: ho*s*e
OPTION: a | *n*ose
OPTION: b | *p*ass
OPTION: c | *s*hop
ANSWER: a

PROMPT: com*mer*cial
OPTION: a | *sh*ould
OPTION: b | *ch*ip
OPTION: c | *s*o
ANSWER: a

PROMPT: cau*ti*ous
OPTION: a | *sh*arp
OPTION: b | *ch*eck
OPTION: c | *s*erve
ANSWER: a

PROMPT: ser*v*ice
OPTION: a | *f*eel
OPTION: b | *b*ig
OPTION: c | *v*ehicle
ANSWER: c

PROMPT: di*sh*
OPTION: a | *w*rench
OPTION: b | *sh*oe
OPTION: c | *s*ome
ANSWER: b

PROMPT: a*ch*e
OPTION: a | *ch*icken
OPTION: b | *c*ake
OPTION: c | *s*hop
ANSWER: b

PROMPT: l*o*ve
OPTION: a | b*o*ther
OPTION: b | v*e*nding
OPTION: c | *u*p
ANSWER: c

PROMPT: be*c*ome
OPTION: a | *c*ool
OPTION: b | *r*eceive
OPTION: c | *t*each
ANSWER: a

PROMPT: pa*ti*ent
OPTION: a | *sh*ine
OPTION: b | *t*ime
OPTION: c | *s*o
ANSWER: a

# Source: ST §The Word May Be, Is Not, Is
$PRODUCE May Be, Is Not, or Is?
ID: l1-s18
INTRO: Word detective work: each new clue tells you whether a guess about the underlined word "may be" true, "is" true, or "is not" true. Type "may be", "is", or "is not" in each blank.
INSTRUCTION: Type "may be", "is not", or "is" based on the clues in the sentence.
INPUT: type
CHECK: exact

TEMPLATE: Mark went to a *stadium*.
TEMPLATE: ____{may be} a shopping center.
TEMPLATE: ____{may be} a place to watch sports.
TEMPLATE: ____{may be} an airport.
RESPONSE: may be a shopping center.\nmay be a place to watch sports.\nmay be an airport.

TEMPLATE: Mark went to a *stadium* and bought a ticket.
TEMPLATE: ____{may be} a shopping center.
TEMPLATE: ____{may be} a place to watch sports.
TEMPLATE: ____{is not} an airport.
RESPONSE: may be a shopping center.\nmay be a place to watch sports.\nis not an airport.

TEMPLATE: Mark went to a *stadium* and bought a ticket for a football game.
TEMPLATE: ____{is not} a shopping center.
TEMPLATE: ____{is} a place to watch sports.
TEMPLATE: ____{is not} an airport.
RESPONSE: is not a shopping center.\nis a place to watch sports.\nis not an airport.

TEMPLATE: Ellen bought a *candle*.
TEMPLATE: ____{may be} something to make light.
TEMPLATE: ____{may be} something to sit on.
TEMPLATE: ____{may be} something to drive.
RESPONSE: may be something to make light.\nmay be something to sit on.\nmay be something to drive.

TEMPLATE: Ellen bought a *candle* for the house.
TEMPLATE: ____{may be} something to make light.
TEMPLATE: ____{may be} something to sit on.
TEMPLATE: ____{is not} something to drive.
RESPONSE: may be something to make light.\nmay be something to sit on.\nis not something to drive.

TEMPLATE: Ellen bought a *candle* for the house for whenever the lights go out.
TEMPLATE: ____{is} something to make light.
TEMPLATE: ____{is not} something to sit on.
TEMPLATE: ____{is not} something to drive.
RESPONSE: is something to make light.\nis not something to sit on.\nis not something to drive.

TEMPLATE: Tom has a *condominium*.
TEMPLATE: ____{may be} a headache.
TEMPLATE: ____{may be} a job.
TEMPLATE: ____{may be} an apartment.
RESPONSE: may be a headache.\nmay be a job.\nmay be an apartment.

TEMPLATE: Tom has a *condominium* in California.
TEMPLATE: ____{is not} a headache.
TEMPLATE: ____{may be} a job.
TEMPLATE: ____{may be} an apartment.
RESPONSE: is not a headache.\nmay be a job.\nmay be an apartment.

TEMPLATE: Tom has a *condominium* in California which he lives in during the summers.
TEMPLATE: ____{is not} a headache.
TEMPLATE: ____{is not} a job.
TEMPLATE: ____{is} an apartment.
RESPONSE: is not a headache.\nis not a job.\nis an apartment.

# SKIPPED (book): Writing Skills "READ AND LISTEN. TAKE NOTES. SUMMARIZE." (ST pp. 24–26) and "READ AND LISTEN. UNDERLINE AND NUMBER." (ST p. 27) — instructor-read oral questions with no recorded stimuli; dropped.

# Source: ST §Reading (Paragraph 1)
$GRAMMAR Reading: Clocks and Machines
ID: l1-s33-r-p1
READING
INTRO: Last stretch: read a short paragraph, then write a one- or two-sentence summary of it in your own words.

CARD: **Paragraph 1.** During the last part of the 1800's, people in the United States and Switzerland made machines that could make clocks. These machines made clocks faster and cheaper than men could. They made many different kinds of clocks. Some were alarm clocks. Others told the day, month, and year as well as the time.

# Source: ST §Reading summary (Paragraph 1)
$PRODUCE Summarize: Clocks and Machines
ID: l1-s33-p1
REFERENCE: l1-s33-r-p1
INTRO: Write a short summary of the paragraph — one or two sentences, your own words. You can reopen the text any time.
INSTRUCTION: Write a 1–2 sentence summary of the paragraph. Reopen the text any time.
INPUT: type
CHECK: llm
RUBRIC: Accept any 1–2 sentence summary mentioning that in the late 1800s machines were invented in the US and Switzerland to make clocks faster, cheaper, and in many varieties.

PROMPT: Write a summary of Paragraph 1.
RESPONSE: In the late 1800s, people in the United States and Switzerland invented machines that made various kinds of clocks faster and cheaper than people could.

# Source: ST §Reading (Paragraph 2)
$GRAMMAR Reading: Studying the Ocean
ID: l1-s33-r-p2
READING
INTRO: One more paragraph — this one dives underwater. Read it, then you'll summarize it.

CARD: **Paragraph 2.** Man needs machines to help him study the things that live and grow in the ocean. There have been several machines made in the past, but man couldn't make a careful study using them. Today we have a better machine to help us study the ocean. It's a vehicle which, like an automobile, can move to the places we want to study under water. It has large windows which make it easy to see, and it can stay underwater a long time.

# Source: ST §Reading summary (Paragraph 2)
$PRODUCE Summarize: Studying the Ocean
ID: l1-s33-p2
REFERENCE: l1-s33-r-p2
INTRO: Write your last summary — one or two sentences. And that's the whole lesson: weather, "if", and how long things have lasted. Nicely done.
INSTRUCTION: Write a 1–2 sentence summary of the paragraph. Reopen the text any time.
INPUT: type
CHECK: llm
RUBRIC: Accept any 1–2 sentence summary stating that modern underwater vehicles allow people to travel underwater, see clearly through large windows, and study ocean life better than past machines.

PROMPT: Write a summary of Paragraph 2.
RESPONSE: Modern underwater vehicles allow scientists to travel underwater for long periods with clear views to study ocean life better than before.