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sources: stage OCR book text, tape transcripts, and ST text per lesson (reviewer check-source tool)
2026-08-19 14:46:59 +08:00
<!-- source file: 001 - source.md -->
# source
Extracted from PDF with 246 pages.
---
BK 12 ST
January 1991
Defense Language Institute
English Language Center
Lackland Air Force Base, Texas
# AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE
LEVEL - II
BOOK 12
STUDENT TEXT
Hava Basımevi Müdürlüğü
3412/1991
Etimesgut - ANKARA
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**PREFACE**
The American Language Course (ALC) is designed primarily for an intensive language training program. However, these materials can also be used in nonintensive programs. The course will provide students with a sufficient level of fluency and communicative proficiency in English to enable them to successfully pursue technical or professional training in schools conducted by the Department of Defense.
The General English Phase of the ALC consists of six progressive levels of language proficiency training. Each level contains 6 separate instructional packages.
| Level | Books |
|---|---|
| Level I | Books 1 - 6 |
| Level II | Books 7 - 12 |
| Level III | Books 13 - 18 |
| Level IV | Books 19 - 24 |
| Level V | Books 25 - 30 |
| Level VI | Books 31 - 36 |
The coordinated instructional packages consist of the following:
1. Instructor Text
2. Student Text
3. Audiotapes
4. Instructor Language Laboratory Activities Booklet
5. Student Language Laboratory Activities Booklet
6. Quiz Kits
7. Optional training aids
Inquiries concerning these materials, including requests for copies, should be addressed to Commandant, Defense Language Institute, ATTN: LERW, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, 78236-5000.
Recommendations for improving this edition are encouraged. Letters should be addressed to: Commandant, Defense Language Institute English Language Center, ATTN: LEAC, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas 78236-5000.
The American Language Course (ALC) contains copyrighted material. Reproduction of this publication is not authorized without the expressed written permission of the owners of the copyrights.
Previous January 1990 Edition will be used until exhausted.
i
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**NOTES TO THE STUDENT**
The Student Text for Book 12, Level II, has four lessons and one review lesson, daily evaluations and homework assignments, and various appendixes.
The homework and evaluation exercises are at the back of this text. The evaluation exercises are short quizzes and will be given after each lesson is completed. The daily homework assignments will require about two hours to complete.
The appendixes are after the fifth lesson. Appendix A is an alphabetical list of the new vocabulary presented in this book. Next to the word is the number of the lesson where the word is introduced. Appendix B is a list of the grammar structures presented in this book. Next to the structure is the number of the lesson where the structure is presented. The rest of the appendixes are reference materials.
The American Language Course focuses on four areas:
1. **Function**
The functions are the ways we use a language to communicate. There are exercises in the lessons that show you how and when to use certain words, phrases, and sentences in a particular situation.
2. **Grammar**
The grammar structures in the lesson are the forms you need to speak and write correctly.
3. **Skills**
There are exercises in the lessons to help you improve your skill or ability in listening, speaking, reading or writing.
4. **Vocabulary**
The words and expressions presented in the lesson are those you will need to do the functions and the grammar exercises.
The first page of each lesson is the focus page. It provides a summary of the material that will be presented in the lesson.
iii
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---
# CONTENTS
| Title | Page |
| :--- | :---: |
| Lesson 1 What Will Happen If...? | 1 |
| Lesson 2 I've Made Up My Mind. | 35 |
| Lesson 3 We've Decided to Add On. | 71 |
| Lesson 4 We Used to Go to the Lake. | 97 |
| Lesson 5 Review Time! | 123 |
| Appendix A Word List | A-1 |
| Appendix B Structure List | B-1 |
| Appendix C Principal Parts/Irregular Verbs | C-1 |
| Appendix D Patterns of Irregular Verbs | D-1 |
| Appendix E Verb Forms | E-1 |
| Appendix F Punctuation and Capitalization | F-1 |
| Homework | HW-1 |
| Evaluation | EE-1 |
v
<!-- source file: 005 - Writing Skill.md -->
2. Lt Adams: Sgt Owens, you seem very excited today. Why?
Sgt Owens: I start my vacation today at 1200 hrs. I have two weeks to relax.
*(Later)*
Lt West: Lt Adams, why is Sgt Owens so happy today?
Lt Adams: Oh, he said that he started his vacation today and that he had two weeks to relax.
3. Hugh: Hey, Donald, do you want to come to the mall with Michael and me?
Donald: I sure do.
*(Later)*
Michael: Hugh, did Donald say that he wanted to come with us?
Hugh: Yes, he did.
4. Kevin: Marco, do you play baseball anymore?
Marco: Yes, I play on Saturday mornings.
*(Later)*
Peter: Kevin, when did Marco say that he played baseball?
Kevin: He said that he played on Saturday mornings.
**LISTEN TO THE LIEUTENANT.**
Read the sentences.
Lt Spock: Sgt Scott, your scores are low this month. You have to study more.
Sgt McCoy, you have clothes all over the floor. You need to hang them up or wash them today.
Sgt Cooper, you don't need to talk to the Captain today.
Sgt Kirk, your work is very good. You are a good example for the other students.
Sgt Moore, your appointment with the Colonel is Friday at 1430 hrs.
Sgt Green, your work isn't complete.
Sgt Cot, you are the best student in the class.
Sgt Ohara, Lt Gray doesn't like the report.
Sgt Reese, congratulations! You win $100.
Sgt Kim, your shoes aren't the right color.
Answer the questions about the sentences.
EXAMPLE: Sgt Dillon: Sgt Scott, what did Lt Spock say to you?
Sgt Scott: He said that my scores were low this month, and that I had to study more.
1. Sgt Dillon: Sgt McCoy, what did Lt Spock say to you?
Sgt McCoy: __________________________________________________
2. Sgt Dillon: Sgt Cooper, what did Lt Spock say to you?
Sgt Cooper: __________________________________________________
3. Sgt Dillon: Sgt Kirk, what did Lt Spock say?
Sgt Kirk: __________________________________________________
4. Sgt Dillon: Sgt Moore, what did Lt Spock say?
Sgt Moore: __________________________________________________
5. Sgt Dillon: Sgt Green, what did Lt Spock say to you?
Sgt Green: __________________________________________________
6. Sgt Dillon: Sgt Cot, what did Lt Spock say to you?
Sgt Cot: __________________________________________________
7. Sgt Dillon: Sgt Ohara, what did Lt Spock say?
Sgt Ohara: __________________________________________________
8. Sgt Dillon: Sgt Reese, what did Lt Spock say to you?
Sgt Reese: __________________________________________________
9. Sgt Dillon: Sgt Kim, what did Lt Spock say?
Sgt Kim: __________________________________________________
**WHAT DID DAD SAY?**
Read the sentences. Make questions about them; then answer the questions.
Dad: Mike, your grades are very good. I want to take you to lunch.
Sara, I don't like that dress. It's too short.
Donny, you need to get a haircut this week.
Lisa, you aren't sick. Class starts at 8:00.
Mark, I want to meet your new friend, Sammy.
EXAMPLE: Mary: What did Dad say to you, Mike?
Mike: He said that my grades were very good, and that he wanted to take me to lunch.
1. Mary: __________________________________________________
Sara: __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
2. Mary: __________________________________________________
Donny: __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
3. Mary: __________________________________________________
Lisa: __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
4. Mary: __________________________________________________
Mark: __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
# Writing Skill
**UNDERLINE INFORMATION**
Read the paragraph. Listen to the questions. Underline and number the answers in the paragraph.
Today, young people are moving to the suburbs. They want to be near their jobs, but they don't want to live in big cities. They have money to spend, so builders try to build homes to please them. Builders try to have all the things these buyers want in a home. They frequently build in extras like fireplaces, patios, and places for stereos. They sometimes put microwave ovens in the kitchens, too. All of these things please buyers of homes in the suburbs.
# Writing Skill
**UNDERLINE IMPORTANT INFORMATION**
Read the paragraph. Underline the important words and phrases.
EXAMPLE: <u>Vending machines</u> have a variety of things. Some have <u>coffee</u>, <u>hot tea</u>, and <u>soft drinks</u>. Others have <u>chips</u>, <u>candy bars</u>, or <u>nuts</u> for hungry people. Some vending machines have other things you may need, like <u>stamps</u> or <u>cigarettes</u>.
1. Jesse Peters, the home builder, built a large house in the suburbs. It has two stories. The first story has a living room with a fireplace, a dining room, a large kitchen, and a bathroom. The second story has four bedrooms, two bathrooms, and a playroom for the children. It's an expensive home for a large family.
2. Winters in the north can be very unpleasant. Temperatures drop to below freezing; the wind blows hard. Usually, there is a lot of ice and snow. It becomes difficult to walk and even more difficult to drive because everything gets slippery.
3. Education is very important if you want to get a good job in today's world. You can study courses in technical fields, business fields, or professional fields. If you don't have a good education in the field you are interested in, you might have trouble getting a job.
# Grammar
**PRESENT PERFECT TENSE**
Repeat the following forms of verbs.
| PRESENT | PAST | PAST PARTICIPLE |
|---|---|---|
| begin | began | begun |
| break | broke | broken |
| build | built | built |
| cost | cost | cost |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| find | found | found |
| freeze | froze | frozen |
| keep | kept | kept |
| lose | lost | lost |
| pay | paid | paid |
| ride | rode | ridden |
| say | said | said |
| shake | shook | shaken |
| sleep | slept | slept |
| stand | stood | stood |
| teach | taught | taught |
| withdraw | withdrew | withdrawn |
---
HAVE YOU BEGUN THE EXERCISE YET?
Complete the following sentences with the correct past participle from the list on page 94.
1. Mrs. Flowers has ____________ that course since she started at this school.
2. Frank hasn't ____________ well all week. He looks tired.
3. Mother has ____________ that she doesn't want us to play in the street.
4. My father's already ____________ this bill.
5. Major Prado has ____________ them in a meeting for over two hours.
6. Jack lost his pen 3 days ago, but now he has ____________ it.
7. This idea of yours has ____________ us a lot of money.
8. Oh, no! You've ____________ the lamp, and now I have to clean it up.
9. Mrs. Jenkins has ____________ all her money from the bank and will take a trip with it.
10. I have ____________ in line for thirty minutes, and my feet hurt now.
11. Don't take the medicine until you have ____________ the bottle well.
12. Charlie hasn't ____________ a bicycle since he was ten years old.
13. Pvt Bracken has ____________ his keys again, and he may not find them this time.
14. This cold weather has ____________ the water.
15. I've already ____________ four cups of coffee this morning.
16. They've ____________ a new house in the suburbs.
17. Hurry Mickey! The movie has already ____________.
Reading Skill
SUMMARIES
Read each paragraph and write a summary.
1. From the beginning of time, man has been interested in the ocean but a little frightened of things on the bottom of it. The bottom of the ocean is a place that many people think is cold, black, and dangerous. We don't know much about the bottom of the ocean, but today we have new tools so we can study the animals and plants that live there. The ocean may offer the world food and perhaps even a place to live in the future.
SUMMARY: __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
2. Do you know how a traffic signal light works? On some lights, a clock inside the box keeps the signal changing regularly. Other signal lights do not use clocks. They use a wire that goes under the street. Cars and trucks going over the wire make the light change. A third kind of signal light has a button that people push to change the light when they want to cross the intersection.
SUMMARY: __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
<!-- source file: 007 - Grammar.md -->
# Grammar
**COMPARATIVE OF ADVERBS**
Use **-er** for the comparative form of adverbs that don't end in **-ly**.
John can run **faster** than his brother.
**DOES JOHN WORK HARDER THAN LUKE?**
**NO, LUKE WORKS HARDER THAN JOHN.**
Read the sentences.
1. early &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; earlier than
Kim left the house early, but Al left the house earlier than Kim did.
2. far &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; farther than
Sarah can throw the ball far, but Roger throws it farther than she can.
3. fast &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; faster than
Tom runs fast, but he doesn't run faster than the instructor's son.
4. hard &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; harder than
The boys work hard, but I think the girls work harder than the boys.
5. high &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; higher than
John really hits the ball high, but Roger hits the ball higher than John.
6. low &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; lower than
Some planes can fly low, but helicopters can fly much lower than airplanes can.
7. near &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; nearer than
The commissary is near here, but the BX is much nearer to us than the commissary.
8. late &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; later than
My friends arrived late, but I arrived later than they did.
9. slow &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; slower than
The morning class goes slow, but the class after lunch goes slower than the others.
10. soon &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; sooner than
My parents arrived soon, but my friends arrived sooner than I expected.
11. straight &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; straighter than
Jack stands very straight, but Ed stands straighter than he does.
**WHO RUNS FASTER?**
Answer the questions in complete sentences. Use the **<u>-er</u>** adverb in your answer. Look at the example.
EXAMPLE: I need to get some milk. Joe's Grocery is two blocks away; the G.A.B. store is 2 miles away. Which store do I live nearer to?
<u>You live nearer to Joe's Grocery.</u>
1. Patty usually gets up at 6:30, and John gets up at 5:15. Who gets up earlier?
2. John runs 3.5 miles every night. Fred runs 2.7 miles every morning. Who runs farther?
3. Jake works for the bank. His hours are from 9:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. Ralph is a mailman. He works from 5:30 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Who works longer?
4. Sgt Nickols shoots the target right in the center. Sgt Flowers shoots below the center. Who shoots lower?
5. Captain Lawrence left the base at 1630. Lt Anderson left at 1800. Who stayed later?
6. Larry can't hit the target at all, but Carl hits it every time. Who shoots straighter?
7. The street sign near the school says 20 mph. The highway sign says 55 mph. Where does Jack drive slower?
8. Mrs. Vince planned her dinner party for 7:00. Her friends came at 6:45. Did they come on time?
9. George and Harry wash cars on the weekends. George washes six cars in a day; Harry washes nine. Who works faster?
---
# Writing Skill
### WHICH WORDS ARE IMPORTANT?
Read the paragraphs. Underline the important words and phrases.
1. The sport of hunting is fun for both men and women. When you prepare to go hunting, you must first choose a weapon. A shotgun is used for hunting birds, and a rifle is used for hunting deer. Next, you must practice shooting, so you will be sure to kill the animal and not just hurt it. When you can do this, you are ready to hunt in the great outdoors.
2. Fishing is another outdoor sport a lot of people enjoy. You don't have to prepare for fishing with a lot of practice like you do for hunting, but you have to decide on a place to fish. Some people like to fish in the ocean. Others like to fish in lakes or in rivers. The place you choose to fish helps you select the kind of fishing pole or rod you will need.
---
# Grammar
### PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Repeat the following forms of verbs.
| PRESENT | PAST | PAST PARTICIPLE |
|---|---|---|
| bring | brought | brought |
| cut | cut | cut |
| fall | fell | fallen |
| forget | forgot | forgotten |
| grow | grew | grown |
| hide | hid | hidden |
| leave | left | left |
| make | made | made |
| put | put | put |
| ring | rang | rung |
| run | ran | run |
| sell | sold | sold |
| show | showed | shown |
| shoot | shot | shot |
| stick | stuck | stuck |
| tell | told | told |
| catch | caught | caught |
---
### HAVE YOU FORGOTTEN YOUR BOOK AGAIN?
Complete the following sentences with the correct past participle from the list on page 120.
1. Tim has _________ enough wood for the whole winter.
2. Your children have really _________ since the last time I saw them.
3. Carl hasn't _________ his mother's birthday cake yet. His oven is broken.
4. George hasn't _________ five miles in a long time.
5. Jerry hasn't _________ that rifle in five years, so his shooting isn't straight now.
6. Have the Jacksons _________ you about their trip to Germany?
7. Jean has _________ her Monopoly game to the party, so we can play after we eat.
8. Mr. Wilkins has _________ on that slippery floor before.
9. Jason has _________ my keys, and I can't find them now.
10. Have you _________ how to get to Janet's house?
11. You can't speak to Mr. Smith. He has already _________ the office for today.
12. The phone has _________ at least 15 times the past hour.
13. Mary has _________ on two different dresses, and she still can't decide which one to wear.
14. The Martins have _________ their house and have moved to California.
15. Harold has been _________ in traffic for over an hour.
16. Tommy hasn't _________ any fish this morning.
17. He's _________ us his pictures before.
---
# Reading Skill
### SUMMARIES
Read each paragraph and give an oral summary of it.
1. Commercials are a big part of American TV. There are several commercials every fifteen or twenty minutes. Some of them are funny and entertaining, and some of them are not. Most of them have one purpose: to get you to buy something. Most of us don't like to see commercials when we are watching TV, but because commercials make money for businesses, they are here to stay.
ORAL SUMMARY:
2. People get together for different reasons. Friends get together because they enjoy being with each other. Businessmen and women get together for business meetings because they want to discuss and make decisions about their businesses. People also get together for parties for birthdays, new babies, and other happy things. A get-together can be for fun or business.
ORAL SUMMARY:
---
<!-- source file: 009 - Appendix A.md -->
# Appendix A
**WORD LIST**
accept, 2
add on, 3
addition, 3
all over, 4
already, 2
associate degree, 2
bachelor's degree, 2
bang, 4
be over, 1
beach, 1
belong (to), 1
blow/blew/blown, 1
boil, 3
breeze, 1
build/built/built, 3
builder, 3
burn, 3
calm, 1
career, 2
cassette, 3
catch/caught/caught, 4
change one's mind, 2
choice, 2
clear, 1
clear up, 1
climate, 1
college, 2
confused, 2
confusing, 2
could, 3
could use, 1
country, 4
course, 2
dangerous, 1
decision, 2
deep, 1
deer/deer, 4
degree, 2
den, 3
dining room, 3
diploma, 2
discuss, 2
discussion, 2
duck, 4
during, 1
educate, 2
education, 2
educator, 2
elementary school, 2
enlarge, 3
ever, 1
except, 1
expect (to), 1
farther, 4
field, 2
fire, 3
fireplace, 3
fish, 4
fishing rod, 4
freezing, 1
frightened, 1
further, 4
future, 2
get-together, 3
get/got/gotten together, 3
go, 4
grade, 2
gun, 4
hard, 4
heat, 1, 3
high, 4
high school, 2
humid, 1
humidity, 1
hunt, 4
idea, 3
if, 1
in the open (outdoors), 4
indoors, 4
instead, 2
instead of, 2
instructions, 4
interested (in), 3
just, 2
kill, 4
last, 1
leave, 3
like, 1
line, 4
low, 4
make/made/made up one's mind, 2
master's degree, 2
medical, 2
meeting, 3
microwave, 3
middle school, 2
more, 4
near, 3
no longer, 1
none, 1
occasionally, 1
offer, 2
once, 4
oven, 3
outdoors, 4
out-of-doors, 4
own, 4
patio, 3
perhaps, 3
Ph. D., 2
pistol, 4
plan, 3
play, 3
plenty, 4
practice, 4
prepare, 4
profession, 2
professional, 2
quiet, 1
record, 3
refusal,
refuse (to), 2
remain, 1
retire, 2
rifle, 4
room, 3
sea, 1
several, 4
shed, 3
shoot/shot/shot, 4
shot, 4
slip, 1
slippery, 1
slow, 4
so, 2
solution, 3
solve, 3
stay, 1
stereo, 3
story, 3
suburb, 3
take/took/taken, 2
take/took/taken place, 3
talk over, 2
technical, 2
then, 3
think/thought/thought over, 2
thought, 1
tiring, 3
tour of duty/tour, 2
trouble, 3
turn down, 2
twice, 4
university, 2
unpleasant, 1
used to, 4
walk, 4
weapon, 4
whole, 4
wind, 1
wood, 3
would, 4
yet, 2
---
<!-- source file: 010 - STRUCTURE LIST.md -->
Appendix B
# STRUCTURE LIST
Adjectives: Participial: -ed/-ing, 3
Adverbs: Comparison: -er single syllable (and early), 4
Adverbs: Time: already/any longer/anymore/no longer/still/yet, 2
Clauses: Adverb clauses of condition: conjunction <u>if</u> to introduce conditional clause, 1
Clauses: Adverb clauses of condition: statements with real conditions referring to one event, 1
Conjunctions: Coordinating: or/so, 2
Indirect speech: Reported simple present tense: say-type verb (simple past), 3
Verbs: Modals: could (possibility), 3
Verbs: Modals: used to (discontinued past habit; past routine), 4
Verbs: Modals: would (past routine), 4
Verbs: Present perfect: indefinite past, 2
Verbs: Present perfect: past participle review, 3, 4
Verbs: Present perfect: past to present, 1
<!-- source file: 011 - Appendix C.md -->
# Appendix C
## PRINCIPAL PARTS OF CERTAIN IRREGULAR VERBS
| Present | Past | Past Participle | Present | Past | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| arise | arose | arisen | flee | fled | fled |
| awake | awoke | awakened | fly | flew | flown |
| | | | forget | forgot | forgotten |
| be | was | been | forgive | forgave | forgiven |
| bear | bore | borne | freeze | froze | frozen |
| beat | beat | beaten | | | |
| become | became | become | get | got | gotten(got) |
| begin | began | begun | give | gave | given |
| bend | bent | bent | grind | ground | ground |
| bet | bet | bet | grow | grew | grown |
| bind | bound | bound | | | |
| bid | bid | bid | hang | hung | hung |
| bite | bit | bitten | have | had | had |
| bleed | bled | bled | hear | heard | heard |
| blow | blew | blown | hide | hid | hidden |
| break | broke | broken | hit | hit | hit |
| bring | brought | brought | hold | held | held |
| build | built | built | hurt | hurt | hurt |
| burst | burst | burst | | | |
| buy | bought | bought | keep | kept | kept |
| | | | know | knew | known |
| cast | cast | cast | | | |
| catch | caught | caught | lay | laid | laid |
| choose | chose | chosen | lead | led | led |
| come | came | come | leave | left | left |
| cost | cost | cost | lend | lent | lent |
| creep | crept | crept | let | let | let |
| cut | cut | cut | lie | lay | lain |
| | | | light | lit | lit(lighted) |
| deal | dealt | dealt | lose | lost | lost |
| dig | dug | dug | | | |
| do | did | done | make | made | made |
| draw | drew | drawn | mean | meant | meant |
| drink | drank | drunk | meet | met | met |
| drive | drove | driven | | | |
| | | | pay | paid | paid |
| eat | ate | eaten | put | put | put |
| | | | | | |
| fall | fell | fallen | quit | quit | quit |
| feed | fed | fed | | | |
| feel | felt | felt | read | read | read |
| fight | fought | fought | ride | rode | ridden |
| find | found | found | ring | rang | rung |
IRREGULAR VERBS (Continued)
| Present | Past | Past Participle | Present | Past | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rise | rose | risen | wake | woke (waked) | woke (waked) |
| run | ran | run | wear | wore | worn |
| say | said | said | weave | wove | woven |
| see | saw | seen | weep | wept | wept |
| seek | sought | sought | wet | wet | wet |
| shake | shook | shaken | win | won | won |
| sell | sold | sold | wind | wound | wound |
| send | sent | sent | wring | wrung | wrung |
| set | set | set | write | wrote | written |
| shed | shed | shed | | | |
| shine | shone | shone | | | |
| shoot | shot | shot | | | |
| show | showed | shown | | | |
| shrink | shrank | shrunk | | | |
| shut | shut | shut | | | |
| sing | sang | sung | | | |
| sink | sank | sunk | | | |
| sit | sat | sat | | | |
| sleep | slept | slept | | | |
| slide | slid | slid | | | |
| slit | slit | slit | | | |
| speak | spoke | spoken | | | |
| spend | spent | spent | | | |
| spin | spun | spun | | | |
| split | split | split | | | |
| spread | spread | spread | | | |
| spring | sprang | sprung | | | |
| stand | stood | stood | | | |
| steal | stole | stolen | | | |
| stick | stuck | stuck | | | |
| sting | stung | stung | | | |
| strike | struck | struck | | | |
| string | strung | strung | | | |
| swear | swore | sworn | | | |
| sweep | swept | swept | | | |
| swim | swam | swum | | | |
| swing | swung | swung | | | |
| take | took | taken | | | |
| teach | taught | taught | | | |
| tear | tore | torn | | | |
| tell | told | told | | | |
| think | thought | thought | | | |
| throw | threw | thrown | | | |
| understand | understood | understood | | | |
<!-- source file: 012 - PATTERNS OF IRREGULAR VERBS.md -->
Appendix D
# PATTERNS OF IRREGULAR VERBS
1. <u>Three Prinicipal Parts the Same</u>
hit hit hit bid bid bid
quit quit quit
split split split hurt hurt hurt
burst burst burst
bet bet bet cost cost cost
let let let
set set set shed shed shed
spread spread spread
put put put cast cast cast
cut cut cut
shut shut shut
2. <u>Last Two Prinicipal Parts the Same</u>
a. <u>Final Consonant Change Only</u>
have had had bend bent bent
make made made spend spent spent
send sent sent
build built built
b. <u>Vowel Change Only</u>
meet met met
read read read
bleed bled bled
feed fed fed
lead led led
light lit lit
slide slid slid
sit sat sat
shoot shot shot
hold held held
win won won
shine shone shone
find found found
wind wound wound
bind bound bound
dig dug dug
stick stuck stuck
strike struck struck
c. <u>Vowel Change - Addition of -t or -d</u>
sleep slept slept mean meant meant
keep kept kept leave left left
creep crept crept flee fled fled
weep wept wept
tell told told
think thought thought sell sold sold
teach taught taught
buy bought bought lose lost lost
catch caught caught
fight fought fought hear heard heard
seek sought sought understand understood understood
3. <u>Three Principal Parts Differ to Some Extent</u>
a. <u>No Similarity</u>
be was been
go went gone
do did done
b. <u>Vowel Change--Addition of -n</u>
arise arose arisen ride rode ridden
drive drove driven rise rose risen
fly flew flown
c. <u>Vowel Change--No -n</u>
sing sang sung swim swam swum
ring rang rung
drink drank drunk begin began begun
d. <u>First and Third Vowels Similar</u>
blow blew blown run ran run
know knew known come came come
grow grew grown
throw threw thrown eat ate eaten
give gave given
see saw seen
draw drew drawn
e. <u>Second and Third Vowels Similar</u>
break broke broken tear tore torn
speak spoke spoken wear wore worn
choose chose chosen swear swore sworn
steal stole stolen bear bore born
get got got(gotten)
forget forgot forgotten
---
<!-- source file: 013 - VERB FORMS.md -->
Appendix E
# VERB FORMS
(These are examples of standard conjugations.)
<u>Verb: To Be (Be: Simple Form)</u>
### Present Tense
| | |
|---|---|
| I am | we were |
| you are | you are |
| he, she, it is | they are |
### Present Perfect Tense
| | |
|---|---|
| I have been | we have been |
| you have been | you have been |
| he has been | they have been |
### Past Tense
| | |
|---|---|
| I was | we were |
| you were | you were |
| he was | they were |
### Past Perfect Tense
| | |
|---|---|
| I had been | we had been |
| you had been | you had been |
| he had been | they had been |
### Future Tense*
| | |
|---|---|
| I will be | we will be |
| you will be | you will be |
| he will be | they were |
### Future Perfect Tense*
| | |
|---|---|
| I will have been | we will have been |
| you will have been | you will have been |
| he will have been | they will have been |
<u>Verb: to walk (Walk: Simple Form)</u>
### Present Tense
| | |
|---|---|
| I walk | we walk |
| you walk | you walk |
| he, she, it walks | they walk |
### Present Perfect Tense
| | |
|---|---|
| I have walked | we have walked |
| you have walked | you have walked |
| he has walked | they have walked |
### Past Tense
| | |
|---|---|
| I walked | we walked |
| you walked | you walked |
| he walked | they walked |
### Past Perfect Tense
| | |
|---|---|
| I had walked | we had walked |
| you had walked | you had walked |
| he had walked | they had walked |
\* shall may be used, but it's less common.
E-1
<u>Verb: To Walk (Continued)</u>
### Future Tense*
| | |
|---|---|
| I will walk | we will walk |
| you will walk | you will walk |
| he will walk | they will walk |
### Future Perfect Tense*
| | |
|---|---|
| I will have walked | we will have walked |
| you will have walked | you will have walked |
| he will have walked | they will have walked |
<u>Verb: To Walk (Progressive Form)</u>
### Present Tense
| | |
|---|---|
| I am walking | we are walking |
| you are walking | you are walking |
| he, she, it is walking | they are walking |
### Past Tense
| | |
|---|---|
| I was walking | we were walking |
| you were walking | you were walking |
| he was walking | they were walking |
### Future Tense*
| | |
|---|---|
| I will be walking | we will be walking |
| you will be walking | you will be walking |
| he will be walking | they will be walking |
### Present Prefect Tense
| | |
|---|---|
| I have been walking | we have been walking |
| you have been walking | you have been walking |
| he has been walking | they have been walking |
### Past Perfect Tense
| | |
|---|---|
| I had been walking | we had been walking |
| you had been walking | you had been walking |
| he had been walking | they had been walking |
\* see page E-1
E-2
<u>Verb: To Walk (Continued)</u>
### Future Perfect Tense*
| | |
|---|---|
| I will have been walking | we will have been walking |
| you will have been walking | you will have been walking |
| he will have been walking | they will have been walking |
<u>Verb: To See (Passive Voice)</u>
### Present Tense
| | |
|---|---|
| I am seen | we are seen |
| you are seen | you are seen |
| he, she, it is seen | they are seen |
### Past Tense
| | |
|---|---|
| I was seen | we were seen |
| you were seen | you were seen |
| he was seen | they were seen |
### Future Tense*
| | |
|---|---|
| I will be seen | we will be seen |
| you will be seen | you will be seen |
| he will be seen | they will be seen |
### Present Perfect Tense
| | |
|---|---|
| I have been seen | we have been seen |
| you have been seen | you have been seen |
| he has been seen | they have been seen |
### Past Perfect Tense
| | |
|---|---|
| I had been seen | we had been seen |
| you had been seen | you had been seen |
| he had been seen | they had been seen |
\* see page E-1
E-3
2. If the words of the speaker are divided into two parts, use quotation marks around both parts.
"Do you," she asked, "go to the library after class?"
3. Use quotation marks around the titles of chapters, articles, parts of books and magazines, short poems, short stories, and songs.
Last night I read the chapter "Grammar Is Easy" in our book. Then I read the article "Learning English" in the newspaper.
E. APOSTROPHE (')
1. Use an apostrophe in contractions.
| | | |
|---|---|---|
| I'm | she's | they're |
| isn't | aren't | can't |
| what's | where's | Bob's |
o'clock (of the clock)
2. Use an apostrophe to indicate possession.
a. If the noun is singular, add <u>'s</u>.
Bill's book
the girl's coat
b. When the noun is plural, add <u>'s</u> if the plural does not end in <u>s</u>.
the children's clothes
the men's shirts
c. If the plural noun ends in <u>s</u>, add only an apostrophe.
the boys' shoes
the libraries' books
F. COMMA (,)
1. Use commas to separate items in a series.
We ate sandwiches, potato chips, and fruit for lunch.
She looked behind the chairs, under the bed, and in the kitchen for her notebook.
F-2
2. Use a comma before the conjunctions <u>and</u>, <u>but</u>, <u>or</u>, <u>nor</u>, <u>for</u>, <u>yet</u> when they join independent clauses.
We lived in Venezuela for three years, and then we returned to the United States.
Frank can speak Chinese well, but he can't read it.
3. Use a comma after an introductory clause or phrase to separate it from the rest of the sentence.
After we study this book, we want to take a break.
Because John was sick, he didn't take the test.
Looking up at the sky, the small boy suddenly ran home.
4. Use a comma after words such as <u>yes</u>, <u>no</u>, <u>well</u> when they begin a sentence.
Do you want to go to the library?
Yes, I do.
I didn't pass the test.
Well, study more.
5. Use commas to separate the words of a speaker from the rest of the sentence.
"Listen to me," she said.
Jack asked, "Where's my lunch?"
"I don't know," said John, "the answer to the question."
6. Use a comma in dates and addresses.
June 9, 1970
143 Main Street, Los Angeles, California
7. Use a comma in figures to separate thousands.
5,000 (or 5000)
10,000
6,550,000
F-3
# Capitalization
1. Capitalize the first word of a sentence.
The boy stood up and walked outside.
Your book is behind the chair.
2. Capitalize the names of people, cities, states, countries, and languages.
| | | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mark | Bill | Mary | Linda |
| San Antonio | Chicago | Houston | London |
| Texas | California | Florida | New York |
| Spain | United States | Canada | Venezuela |
| Arabic | Chinese | Russian | English |
3. Capitalize the names of schools, streets, buildings, bridges, companies, and organizations.
Defense Language Institute
University of Chicago
Main Street
Clark Avenue
Empire State Building
Golden Gate Bridge
Ford Motor Company
General Motors
National Football League
4. Capitalize the days of the week, months of the year, and holidays.
| | | |
|---|---|---|
| Sunday | Monday | Tuesday |
| June | July | August |
| Christmas | Easter | Thanksgiving |
5. Capitalize titles and military ranks before names.
| | | |
|---|---|---|
| Gen Roberts | Capt Smith | Sgt Jones |
| Professor Land | President Lincoln | |
6. Capitalize the pronoun "I."
I can't go with you.
I'm happy to see you again.
7. Capitalize the first word of every direct quotation.
She asked, "Can I sit here?"
"We saw her," said John, "at the University."
F-4
---
<!-- source file: 018 - AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE.md -->
January 1991
Defense Language Institute
English Language Center
Lackland Air Force Base, Texas
![Emblem of the Defense Language Institute English Language Center](images/page_203_001.jpg)
# AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE
| LEVEL | BOOK - 12 Appendix |
|---|---|
STUDENT TEXT
---
BK 12 ST
January 1991
![Emblem of the Defense Language Institute English Language Center](images/page_205_001.jpg)
Defense Language Institute
English Language Center
Lackland Air Force Base, Texas
# AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE
## LEVEL - II
## BOOK 12
## STUDENT TEXT
Hava Basımevi Müdürlüğü
3412/1991
Etimesgut - ANKARA
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