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BK 12 ST
January 1991

Defense Language Institute
English Language Center
Lackland Air Force Base, Texas

AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE

LEVEL - II
BOOK 12

STUDENT TEXT

Hava Basımevi Müdürlüğü
3412/1991
Etimesgut - ANKARA

PREFACE

The American Language Course (ALC) is designed primarily for an intensive language training program. However, these materials can also be used in nonintensive programs. The course will provide students with a sufficient level of fluency and communicative proficiency in English to enable them to successfully pursue technical or professional training in schools conducted by the Department of Defense.

The General English Phase of the ALC consists of six progressive levels of language proficiency training. Each level contains 6 separate instructional packages.

Level	Books
Level I	Books 1 - 6
Level II	Books 7 - 12
Level III	Books 13 - 18
Level IV	Books 19 - 24
Level V	Books 25 - 30
Level VI	Books 31 - 36

The coordinated instructional packages consist of the following:

1. Instructor Text
2. Student Text
3. Audiotapes
4. Instructor Language Laboratory Activities Booklet
5. Student Language Laboratory Activities Booklet
6. Quiz Kits
7. Optional training aids

Inquiries concerning these materials, including requests for copies, should be addressed to Commandant, Defense Language Institute, ATTN: LERW, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, 78236-5000.

Recommendations for improving this edition are encouraged. Letters should be addressed to: Commandant, Defense Language Institute English Language Center, ATTN: LEAC, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas 78236-5000.

The American Language Course (ALC) contains copyrighted material. Reproduction of this publication is not authorized without the expressed written permission of the owners of the copyrights.

Previous January 1990 Edition will be used until exhausted.

i

NOTES TO THE STUDENT

The Student Text for Book 12, Level II, has four lessons and one review lesson, daily evaluations and homework assignments, and various appendixes.

The homework and evaluation exercises are at the back of this text. The evaluation exercises are short quizzes and will be given after each lesson is completed. The daily homework assignments will require about two hours to complete.

The appendixes are after the fifth lesson. Appendix A is an alphabetical list of the new vocabulary presented in this book. Next to the word is the number of the lesson where the word is introduced. Appendix B is a list of the grammar structures presented in this book. Next to the structure is the number of the lesson where the structure is presented. The rest of the appendixes are reference materials.

The American Language Course focuses on four areas:

1. Function

The functions are the ways we use a language to communicate. There are exercises in the lessons that show you how and when to use certain words, phrases, and sentences in a particular situation.

2. Grammar

The grammar structures in the lesson are the forms you need to speak and write correctly.

3. Skills

There are exercises in the lessons to help you improve your skill or ability in listening, speaking, reading or writing.

4. Vocabulary

The words and expressions presented in the lesson are those you will need to do the functions and the grammar exercises.

The first page of each lesson is the focus page. It provides a summary of the material that will be presented in the lesson.

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CONTENTS

Title	Page
Lesson 1 What Will Happen If...?	1
Lesson 2 I've Made Up My Mind.	35
Lesson 3 We've Decided to Add On.	71
Lesson 4 We Used to Go to the Lake.	97
Lesson 5 Review Time!	123
Appendix A Word List	A-1
Appendix B Structure List	B-1
Appendix C Principal Parts/Irregular Verbs	C-1
Appendix D Patterns of Irregular Verbs	D-1
Appendix E Verb Forms	E-1
Appendix F Punctuation and Capitalization	F-1
Homework	HW-1
Evaluation	EE-1

v

2. Lt Adams: Sgt Owens, you seem very excited today. Why? Sgt Owens: I start my vacation today at 1200 hrs. I have two weeks to relax.

   (Later)

   Lt West: Lt Adams, why is Sgt Owens so happy today? Lt Adams: Oh, he said that he started his vacation today and that he had two weeks to relax.

3. Hugh: Hey, Donald, do you want to come to the mall with Michael and me? Donald: I sure do.

   (Later)

   Michael: Hugh, did Donald say that he wanted to come with us? Hugh: Yes, he did.

4. Kevin: Marco, do you play baseball anymore? Marco: Yes, I play on Saturday mornings.

   (Later)

   Peter: Kevin, when did Marco say that he played baseball? Kevin: He said that he played on Saturday mornings.

LISTEN TO THE LIEUTENANT.

Read the sentences.

Lt Spock: Sgt Scott, your scores are low this month. You have to study more.

Sgt McCoy, you have clothes all over the floor. You need to hang them up or wash them today.

Sgt Cooper, you don't need to talk to the Captain today.

Sgt Kirk, your work is very good. You are a good example for the other students.

Sgt Moore, your appointment with the Colonel is Friday at 1430 hrs.

Sgt Green, your work isn't complete.

Sgt Cot, you are the best student in the class.

Sgt Ohara, Lt Gray doesn't like the report.

Sgt Reese, congratulations! You win $100.

Sgt Kim, your shoes aren't the right color.

Answer the questions about the sentences.

EXAMPLE: Sgt Dillon: Sgt Scott, what did Lt Spock say to you? Sgt Scott: He said that my scores were low this month, and that I had to study more.

1. Sgt Dillon: Sgt McCoy, what did Lt Spock say to you? Sgt McCoy: __________________________________________________

2. Sgt Dillon: Sgt Cooper, what did Lt Spock say to you? Sgt Cooper: __________________________________________________

3. Sgt Dillon: Sgt Kirk, what did Lt Spock say? Sgt Kirk: __________________________________________________

4. Sgt Dillon: Sgt Moore, what did Lt Spock say? Sgt Moore: __________________________________________________

5. Sgt Dillon: Sgt Green, what did Lt Spock say to you? Sgt Green: __________________________________________________

6. Sgt Dillon: Sgt Cot, what did Lt Spock say to you? Sgt Cot: __________________________________________________

7. Sgt Dillon: Sgt Ohara, what did Lt Spock say? Sgt Ohara: __________________________________________________

8. Sgt Dillon: Sgt Reese, what did Lt Spock say to you? Sgt Reese: __________________________________________________

9. Sgt Dillon: Sgt Kim, what did Lt Spock say? Sgt Kim: __________________________________________________

WHAT DID DAD SAY?

Read the sentences. Make questions about them; then answer the questions.

Dad: Mike, your grades are very good. I want to take you to lunch. Sara, I don't like that dress. It's too short. Donny, you need to get a haircut this week. Lisa, you aren't sick. Class starts at 8:00. Mark, I want to meet your new friend, Sammy.

EXAMPLE: Mary: What did Dad say to you, Mike? Mike: He said that my grades were very good, and that he wanted to take me to lunch.

1. Mary: __________________________________________________

   Sara: __________________________________________________

   ---

2. Mary: __________________________________________________

   Donny: __________________________________________________

   ---

3. Mary: __________________________________________________

   Lisa: __________________________________________________

   ---

4. Mary: __________________________________________________

   Mark: __________________________________________________

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Writing Skill

UNDERLINE INFORMATION

Read the paragraph. Listen to the questions. Underline and number the answers in the paragraph.

Today, young people are moving to the suburbs. They want to be near their jobs, but they don't want to live in big cities. They have money to spend, so builders try to build homes to please them. Builders try to have all the things these buyers want in a home. They frequently build in extras like fireplaces, patios, and places for stereos. They sometimes put microwave ovens in the kitchens, too. All of these things please buyers of homes in the suburbs.

Writing Skill

UNDERLINE IMPORTANT INFORMATION

Read the paragraph. Underline the important words and phrases.

EXAMPLE: Vending machines have a variety of things. Some have coffee, hot tea, and soft drinks. Others have chips, candy bars, or nuts for hungry people. Some vending machines have other things you may need, like stamps or cigarettes.

1. Jesse Peters, the home builder, built a large house in the suburbs. It has two stories. The first story has a living room with a fireplace, a dining room, a large kitchen, and a bathroom. The second story has four bedrooms, two bathrooms, and a playroom for the children. It's an expensive home for a large family.

2. Winters in the north can be very unpleasant. Temperatures drop to below freezing; the wind blows hard. Usually, there is a lot of ice and snow. It becomes difficult to walk and even more difficult to drive because everything gets slippery.

3. Education is very important if you want to get a good job in today's world. You can study courses in technical fields, business fields, or professional fields. If you don't have a good education in the field you are interested in, you might have trouble getting a job.

Grammar

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Repeat the following forms of verbs.

PRESENT	PAST	PAST PARTICIPLE
begin	began	begun
break	broke	broken
build	built	built
cost	cost	cost
drink	drank	drunk
find	found	found
freeze	froze	frozen
keep	kept	kept
lose	lost	lost
pay	paid	paid
ride	rode	ridden
say	said	said
shake	shook	shaken
sleep	slept	slept
stand	stood	stood
teach	taught	taught
withdraw	withdrew	withdrawn

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HAVE YOU BEGUN THE EXERCISE YET?

Complete the following sentences with the correct past participle from the list on page 94.

1. Mrs. Flowers has ____________ that course since she started at this school.
2. Frank hasn't ____________ well all week. He looks tired.
3. Mother has ____________ that she doesn't want us to play in the street.
4. My father's already ____________ this bill.
5. Major Prado has ____________ them in a meeting for over two hours.
6. Jack lost his pen 3 days ago, but now he has ____________ it.
7. This idea of yours has ____________ us a lot of money.
8. Oh, no! You've ____________ the lamp, and now I have to clean it up.
9. Mrs. Jenkins has ____________ all her money from the bank and will take a trip with it.
10. I have ____________ in line for thirty minutes, and my feet hurt now.
11. Don't take the medicine until you have ____________ the bottle well.
12. Charlie hasn't ____________ a bicycle since he was ten years old.
13. Pvt Bracken has ____________ his keys again, and he may not find them this time.
14. This cold weather has ____________ the water.
15. I've already ____________ four cups of coffee this morning.
16. They've ____________ a new house in the suburbs.
17. Hurry Mickey! The movie has already ____________.

Reading Skill

SUMMARIES

Read each paragraph and write a summary.

1. From the beginning of time, man has been interested in the ocean but a little frightened of things on the bottom of it. The bottom of the ocean is a place that many people think is cold, black, and dangerous. We don't know much about the bottom of the ocean, but today we have new tools so we can study the animals and plants that live there. The ocean may offer the world food and perhaps even a place to live in the future.

SUMMARY: __________________________________________________

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2. Do you know how a traffic signal light works? On some lights, a clock inside the box keeps the signal changing regularly. Other signal lights do not use clocks. They use a wire that goes under the street. Cars and trucks going over the wire make the light change. A third kind of signal light has a button that people push to change the light when they want to cross the intersection.

SUMMARY: __________________________________________________

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Grammar

COMPARATIVE OF ADVERBS

Use -er for the comparative form of adverbs that don't end in -ly. John can run faster than his brother.

DOES JOHN WORK HARDER THAN LUKE? NO, LUKE WORKS HARDER THAN JOHN.

Read the sentences.

1. early      earlier than Kim left the house early, but Al left the house earlier than Kim did.

2. far      farther than Sarah can throw the ball far, but Roger throws it farther than she can.

3. fast      faster than Tom runs fast, but he doesn't run faster than the instructor's son.

4. hard      harder than The boys work hard, but I think the girls work harder than the boys.

5. high      higher than John really hits the ball high, but Roger hits the ball higher than John.

6. low      lower than Some planes can fly low, but helicopters can fly much lower than airplanes can.

7. near      nearer than The commissary is near here, but the BX is much nearer to us than the commissary.

8. late      later than My friends arrived late, but I arrived later than they did.

9. slow      slower than The morning class goes slow, but the class after lunch goes slower than the others.

10. soon      sooner than My parents arrived soon, but my friends arrived sooner than I expected.

11. straight      straighter than Jack stands very straight, but Ed stands straighter than he does.

WHO RUNS FASTER?

Answer the questions in complete sentences. Use the -er adverb in your answer. Look at the example.

EXAMPLE: I need to get some milk. Joe's Grocery is two blocks away; the G.A.B. store is 2 miles away. Which store do I live nearer to? You live nearer to Joe's Grocery.

1. Patty usually gets up at 6:30, and John gets up at 5:15. Who gets up earlier?
2. John runs 3.5 miles every night. Fred runs 2.7 miles every morning. Who runs farther?
3. Jake works for the bank. His hours are from 9:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. Ralph is a mailman. He works from 5:30 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Who works longer?
4. Sgt Nickols shoots the target right in the center. Sgt Flowers shoots below the center. Who shoots lower?
5. Captain Lawrence left the base at 1630. Lt Anderson left at 1800. Who stayed later?
6. Larry can't hit the target at all, but Carl hits it every time. Who shoots straighter?
7. The street sign near the school says 20 mph. The highway sign says 55 mph. Where does Jack drive slower?
8. Mrs. Vince planned her dinner party for 7:00. Her friends came at 6:45. Did they come on time?
9. George and Harry wash cars on the weekends. George washes six cars in a day; Harry washes nine. Who works faster?

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Writing Skill

WHICH WORDS ARE IMPORTANT?

Read the paragraphs. Underline the important words and phrases.

1. The sport of hunting is fun for both men and women. When you prepare to go hunting, you must first choose a weapon. A shotgun is used for hunting birds, and a rifle is used for hunting deer. Next, you must practice shooting, so you will be sure to kill the animal and not just hurt it. When you can do this, you are ready to hunt in the great outdoors.

2. Fishing is another outdoor sport a lot of people enjoy. You don't have to prepare for fishing with a lot of practice like you do for hunting, but you have to decide on a place to fish. Some people like to fish in the ocean. Others like to fish in lakes or in rivers. The place you choose to fish helps you select the kind of fishing pole or rod you will need.

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Grammar

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Repeat the following forms of verbs.

PRESENT	PAST	PAST PARTICIPLE
bring	brought	brought
cut	cut	cut
fall	fell	fallen
forget	forgot	forgotten
grow	grew	grown
hide	hid	hidden
leave	left	left
make	made	made
put	put	put
ring	rang	rung
run	ran	run
sell	sold	sold
show	showed	shown
shoot	shot	shot
stick	stuck	stuck
tell	told	told
catch	caught	caught

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HAVE YOU FORGOTTEN YOUR BOOK AGAIN?

Complete the following sentences with the correct past participle from the list on page 120.

1. Tim has _________ enough wood for the whole winter.
2. Your children have really _________ since the last time I saw them.
3. Carl hasn't _________ his mother's birthday cake yet. His oven is broken.
4. George hasn't _________ five miles in a long time.
5. Jerry hasn't _________ that rifle in five years, so his shooting isn't straight now.
6. Have the Jacksons _________ you about their trip to Germany?
7. Jean has _________ her Monopoly game to the party, so we can play after we eat.
8. Mr. Wilkins has _________ on that slippery floor before.
9. Jason has _________ my keys, and I can't find them now.
10. Have you _________ how to get to Janet's house?
11. You can't speak to Mr. Smith. He has already _________ the office for today.
12. The phone has _________ at least 15 times the past hour.
13. Mary has _________ on two different dresses, and she still can't decide which one to wear.
14. The Martins have _________ their house and have moved to California.
15. Harold has been _________ in traffic for over an hour.
16. Tommy hasn't _________ any fish this morning.
17. He's _________ us his pictures before.

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Reading Skill

SUMMARIES

Read each paragraph and give an oral summary of it.

1. Commercials are a big part of American TV. There are several commercials every fifteen or twenty minutes. Some of them are funny and entertaining, and some of them are not. Most of them have one purpose: to get you to buy something. Most of us don't like to see commercials when we are watching TV, but because commercials make money for businesses, they are here to stay.

ORAL SUMMARY:

2. People get together for different reasons. Friends get together because they enjoy being with each other. Businessmen and women get together for business meetings because they want to discuss and make decisions about their businesses. People also get together for parties for birthdays, new babies, and other happy things. A get-together can be for fun or business.

ORAL SUMMARY:

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Appendix A

WORD LIST

accept, 2 add on, 3 addition, 3 all over, 4 already, 2 associate degree, 2

bachelor's degree, 2 bang, 4 be over, 1 beach, 1 belong (to), 1 blow/blew/blown, 1 boil, 3 breeze, 1 build/built/built, 3 builder, 3 burn, 3

calm, 1 career, 2 cassette, 3 catch/caught/caught, 4 change one's mind, 2 choice, 2 clear, 1 clear up, 1 climate, 1 college, 2 confused, 2 confusing, 2 could, 3 could use, 1 country, 4 course, 2

dangerous, 1 decision, 2 deep, 1 deer/deer, 4 degree, 2 den, 3 dining room, 3 diploma, 2 discuss, 2 discussion, 2 duck, 4 during, 1

educate, 2 education, 2 educator, 2 elementary school, 2 enlarge, 3 ever, 1 except, 1 expect (to), 1

farther, 4 field, 2 fire, 3 fireplace, 3 fish, 4 fishing rod, 4 freezing, 1 frightened, 1 further, 4 future, 2

get-together, 3 get/got/gotten together, 3 go, 4 grade, 2 gun, 4

hard, 4 heat, 1, 3 high, 4 high school, 2 humid, 1 humidity, 1 hunt, 4

idea, 3 if, 1 in the open (outdoors), 4 indoors, 4 instead, 2 instead of, 2 instructions, 4 interested (in), 3

just, 2

kill, 4

last, 1 leave, 3 like, 1 line, 4 low, 4

make/made/made up one's mind, 2 master's degree, 2 medical, 2 meeting, 3 microwave, 3 middle school, 2 more, 4

near, 3 no longer, 1 none, 1

occasionally, 1 offer, 2 once, 4 oven, 3 outdoors, 4 out-of-doors, 4 own, 4

patio, 3 perhaps, 3 Ph. D., 2 pistol, 4 plan, 3 play, 3 plenty, 4 practice, 4 prepare, 4 profession, 2 professional, 2

quiet, 1

record, 3 refusal, refuse (to), 2 remain, 1 retire, 2 rifle, 4 room, 3

sea, 1 several, 4 shed, 3 shoot/shot/shot, 4 shot, 4 slip, 1 slippery, 1 slow, 4 so, 2 solution, 3 solve, 3 stay, 1 stereo, 3 story, 3 suburb, 3

take/took/taken, 2 take/took/taken place, 3 talk over, 2 technical, 2 then, 3 think/thought/thought over, 2 thought, 1 tiring, 3 tour of duty/tour, 2 trouble, 3 turn down, 2 twice, 4

university, 2 unpleasant, 1 used to, 4

walk, 4 weapon, 4 whole, 4 wind, 1 wood, 3 would, 4

yet, 2

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Appendix B

STRUCTURE LIST

Adjectives: Participial: -ed/-ing, 3

Adverbs: Comparison: -er single syllable (and early), 4

Adverbs: Time: already/any longer/anymore/no longer/still/yet, 2

Clauses: Adverb clauses of condition: conjunction if to introduce conditional clause, 1

Clauses: Adverb clauses of condition: statements with real conditions referring to one event, 1

Conjunctions: Coordinating: or/so, 2

Indirect speech: Reported simple present tense: say-type verb (simple past), 3

Verbs: Modals: could (possibility), 3

Verbs: Modals: used to (discontinued past habit; past routine), 4

Verbs: Modals: would (past routine), 4

Verbs: Present perfect: indefinite past, 2

Verbs: Present perfect: past participle review, 3, 4

Verbs: Present perfect: past to present, 1

Appendix C

PRINCIPAL PARTS OF CERTAIN IRREGULAR VERBS

Present	Past	Past Participle	Present	Past	Past Participle
arise	arose	arisen	flee	fled	fled
awake	awoke	awakened	fly	flew	flown
			forget	forgot	forgotten
be	was	been	forgive	forgave	forgiven
bear	bore	borne	freeze	froze	frozen
beat	beat	beaten
become	became	become	get	got	gotten(got)
begin	began	begun	give	gave	given
bend	bent	bent	grind	ground	ground
bet	bet	bet	grow	grew	grown
bind	bound	bound
bid	bid	bid	hang	hung	hung
bite	bit	bitten	have	had	had
bleed	bled	bled	hear	heard	heard
blow	blew	blown	hide	hid	hidden
break	broke	broken	hit	hit	hit
bring	brought	brought	hold	held	held
build	built	built	hurt	hurt	hurt
burst	burst	burst
buy	bought	bought	keep	kept	kept
			know	knew	known
cast	cast	cast
catch	caught	caught	lay	laid	laid
choose	chose	chosen	lead	led	led
come	came	come	leave	left	left
cost	cost	cost	lend	lent	lent
creep	crept	crept	let	let	let
cut	cut	cut	lie	lay	lain
			light	lit	lit(lighted)
deal	dealt	dealt	lose	lost	lost
dig	dug	dug
do	did	done	make	made	made
draw	drew	drawn	mean	meant	meant
drink	drank	drunk	meet	met	met
drive	drove	driven
			pay	paid	paid
eat	ate	eaten	put	put	put
fall	fell	fallen	quit	quit	quit
feed	fed	fed
feel	felt	felt	read	read	read
fight	fought	fought	ride	rode	ridden
find	found	found	ring	rang	rung

IRREGULAR VERBS (Continued)

Present	Past	Past Participle	Present	Past	Past Participle
rise	rose	risen	wake	woke (waked)	woke (waked)
run	ran	run	wear	wore	worn
say	said	said	weave	wove	woven
see	saw	seen	weep	wept	wept
seek	sought	sought	wet	wet	wet
shake	shook	shaken	win	won	won
sell	sold	sold	wind	wound	wound
send	sent	sent	wring	wrung	wrung
set	set	set	write	wrote	written
shed	shed	shed
shine	shone	shone
shoot	shot	shot
show	showed	shown
shrink	shrank	shrunk
shut	shut	shut
sing	sang	sung
sink	sank	sunk
sit	sat	sat
sleep	slept	slept
slide	slid	slid
slit	slit	slit
speak	spoke	spoken
spend	spent	spent
spin	spun	spun
split	split	split
spread	spread	spread
spring	sprang	sprung
stand	stood	stood
steal	stole	stolen
stick	stuck	stuck
sting	stung	stung
strike	struck	struck
string	strung	strung
swear	swore	sworn
sweep	swept	swept
swim	swam	swum
swing	swung	swung
take	took	taken
teach	taught	taught
tear	tore	torn
tell	told	told
think	thought	thought
throw	threw	thrown
understand	understood	understood

Appendix D

PATTERNS OF IRREGULAR VERBS

1. Three Prinicipal Parts the Same

hit hit hit bid bid bid quit quit quit split split split hurt hurt hurt burst burst burst

bet bet bet cost cost cost let let let set set set shed shed shed spread spread spread

put put put cast cast cast cut cut cut shut shut shut

2. Last Two Prinicipal Parts the Same

a. Final Consonant Change Only

have had had bend bent bent make made made spend spent spent send sent sent build built built

b. Vowel Change Only

meet met met read read read bleed bled bled feed fed fed lead led led

light lit lit slide slid slid sit sat sat shoot shot shot hold held held win won won shine shone shone

find found found wind wound wound bind bound bound

dig dug dug stick stuck stuck strike struck struck

c. Vowel Change - Addition of -t or -d

sleep slept slept mean meant meant keep kept kept leave left left creep crept crept flee fled fled weep wept wept tell told told think thought thought sell sold sold teach taught taught buy bought bought lose lost lost catch caught caught fight fought fought hear heard heard seek sought sought understand understood understood

3. Three Principal Parts Differ to Some Extent

a. No Similarity

be was been go went gone do did done

b. Vowel Change--Addition of -n

arise arose arisen ride rode ridden drive drove driven rise rose risen fly flew flown

c. Vowel Change--No -n

sing sang sung swim swam swum ring rang rung drink drank drunk begin began begun

d. First and Third Vowels Similar

blow blew blown run ran run know knew known come came come grow grew grown throw threw thrown eat ate eaten give gave given see saw seen draw drew drawn

e. Second and Third Vowels Similar

break broke broken tear tore torn speak spoke spoken wear wore worn choose chose chosen swear swore sworn steal stole stolen bear bore born

                                 get         got         got(gotten)
                                 forget      forgot      forgotten

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Appendix E

VERB FORMS

(These are examples of standard conjugations.)

Verb: To Be (Be: Simple Form)

Present Tense

I am	we were
you are	you are
he, she, it is	they are

Present Perfect Tense

I have been	we have been
you have been	you have been
he has been	they have been

Past Tense

I was	we were
you were	you were
he was	they were

Past Perfect Tense

I had been	we had been
you had been	you had been
he had been	they had been

Future Tense*

I will be	we will be
you will be	you will be
he will be	they were

Future Perfect Tense*

I will have been	we will have been
you will have been	you will have been
he will have been	they will have been

Verb: to walk (Walk: Simple Form)

Present Tense

I walk	we walk
you walk	you walk
he, she, it walks	they walk

Present Perfect Tense

I have walked	we have walked
you have walked	you have walked
he has walked	they have walked

Past Tense

I walked	we walked
you walked	you walked
he walked	they walked

Past Perfect Tense

I had walked	we had walked
you had walked	you had walked
he had walked	they had walked

* shall may be used, but it's less common.

E-1

Verb: To Walk (Continued)

Future Tense*

I will walk	we will walk
you will walk	you will walk
he will walk	they will walk

Future Perfect Tense*

I will have walked	we will have walked
you will have walked	you will have walked
he will have walked	they will have walked

Verb: To Walk (Progressive Form)

Present Tense

I am walking	we are walking
you are walking	you are walking
he, she, it is walking	they are walking

Past Tense

I was walking	we were walking
you were walking	you were walking
he was walking	they were walking

Future Tense*

I will be walking	we will be walking
you will be walking	you will be walking
he will be walking	they will be walking

Present Prefect Tense

I have been walking	we have been walking
you have been walking	you have been walking
he has been walking	they have been walking

Past Perfect Tense

I had been walking	we had been walking
you had been walking	you had been walking
he had been walking	they had been walking

* see page E-1

E-2

Verb: To Walk (Continued)

Future Perfect Tense*

I will have been walking	we will have been walking
you will have been walking	you will have been walking
he will have been walking	they will have been walking

Verb: To See (Passive Voice)

Present Tense

I am seen	we are seen
you are seen	you are seen
he, she, it is seen	they are seen

Past Tense

I was seen	we were seen
you were seen	you were seen
he was seen	they were seen

Future Tense*

I will be seen	we will be seen
you will be seen	you will be seen
he will be seen	they will be seen

Present Perfect Tense

I have been seen	we have been seen
you have been seen	you have been seen
he has been seen	they have been seen

Past Perfect Tense

I had been seen	we had been seen
you had been seen	you had been seen
he had been seen	they had been seen

* see page E-1

E-3

2. If the words of the speaker are divided into two parts, use quotation marks around both parts.

"Do you," she asked, "go to the library after class?"

3. Use quotation marks around the titles of chapters, articles, parts of books and magazines, short poems, short stories, and songs.

Last night I read the chapter "Grammar Is Easy" in our book. Then I read the article "Learning English" in the newspaper.

E. APOSTROPHE (')

1. Use an apostrophe in contractions.

I'm	she's	they're
isn't	aren't	can't
what's	where's	Bob's

o'clock (of the clock)

2. Use an apostrophe to indicate possession.

a. If the noun is singular, add 's.

Bill's book the girl's coat

b. When the noun is plural, add 's if the plural does not end in s.

the children's clothes the men's shirts

c. If the plural noun ends in s, add only an apostrophe.

the boys' shoes the libraries' books

F. COMMA (,)

1. Use commas to separate items in a series.

We ate sandwiches, potato chips, and fruit for lunch.

She looked behind the chairs, under the bed, and in the kitchen for her notebook.

F-2

2. Use a comma before the conjunctions and, but, or, nor, for, yet when they join independent clauses.

We lived in Venezuela for three years, and then we returned to the United States.

Frank can speak Chinese well, but he can't read it.

3. Use a comma after an introductory clause or phrase to separate it from the rest of the sentence.

After we study this book, we want to take a break. Because John was sick, he didn't take the test.

Looking up at the sky, the small boy suddenly ran home.

4. Use a comma after words such as yes, no, well when they begin a sentence.

Do you want to go to the library? Yes, I do.

I didn't pass the test. Well, study more.

5. Use commas to separate the words of a speaker from the rest of the sentence.

"Listen to me," she said. Jack asked, "Where's my lunch?" "I don't know," said John, "the answer to the question."

6. Use a comma in dates and addresses.

June 9, 1970 143 Main Street, Los Angeles, California

7. Use a comma in figures to separate thousands.

5,000 (or 5000) 10,000 6,550,000

F-3

Capitalization

1. Capitalize the first word of a sentence.

The boy stood up and walked outside. Your book is behind the chair.

2. Capitalize the names of people, cities, states, countries, and languages.

Mark	Bill	Mary	Linda
San Antonio	Chicago	Houston	London
Texas	California	Florida	New York
Spain	United States	Canada	Venezuela
Arabic	Chinese	Russian	English

3. Capitalize the names of schools, streets, buildings, bridges, companies, and organizations.

Defense Language Institute University of Chicago Main Street Clark Avenue Empire State Building Golden Gate Bridge Ford Motor Company General Motors National Football League

4. Capitalize the days of the week, months of the year, and holidays.

Sunday	Monday	Tuesday
June	July	August
Christmas	Easter	Thanksgiving

5. Capitalize titles and military ranks before names.

Gen Roberts	Capt Smith	Sgt Jones
Professor Land	President Lincoln

6. Capitalize the pronoun "I."

I can't go with you. I'm happy to see you again.

7. Capitalize the first word of every direct quotation.

She asked, "Can I sit here?" "We saw her," said John, "at the University."

F-4

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January 1991

Defense Language Institute English Language Center Lackland Air Force Base, Texas

AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE

LEVEL	BOOK - 12 Appendix

STUDENT TEXT

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BK 12 ST January 1991

Defense Language Institute English Language Center Lackland Air Force Base, Texas

AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE

LEVEL - II

BOOK 12

STUDENT TEXT

Hava Basımevi Müdürlüğü 3412/1991 Etimesgut - ANKARA