983 lines
22 KiB
Markdown
983 lines
22 KiB
Markdown
<!-- source file: 001 - source.md -->
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# source
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Extracted from PDF with 190 pages.
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---
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**BK7ST**
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January 1991
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Defense Language Institute
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English Language Center
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Lackland Air Force Base, Texas
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# AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE
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**LEVEL - II**
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**BOOK 7**
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**STUDENT TEXT**
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Hava Basımevi Md. lüğü
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3407/1991
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Etimesgut/ANKARA
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<div page-break="true"></div>
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<div page-break="true"></div>
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**PREFACE**
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The American Language Course (ALC) is designed primarily for an intensive language training program. However, these materials can also be used in nonintensive programs. The course will provide students with a sufficient level of fluency and communicative proficiency in English to enable them to successfully pursue technical or professional training in schools conducted by the Department of Defense.
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The General English Phase of the ALC consists of six progressive levels of language proficiency training. Each level contains 6 separate instructional packages.
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| Level | Books |
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|---|---|
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| Level I | Books 1 - 6 |
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| Level II | Books 7 - 12 |
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| Level III | Books 13 - 18 |
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| Level IV | Books 19 - 24 |
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| Level V | Books 25 - 30 |
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| Level VI | Books 31 - 36 |
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The coordinated instructional packages consist of the following:
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1. Instructor Text
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2. Student Text
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3. Audiotapes
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4. Instructor Language Laboratory Activities Booklet
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5. Student Language Laboratory Activities Booklet
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6. Quiz Kits
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7. Optional training aids
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Inquiries concerning these materials, including requests for copies, should be addressed to Commandant, Defense Language Institute, ATTN: LERW, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, 78236-5000.
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Recommendations for improving this edition are encouraged. Letters should be addressed to: Commandant, Defense Language Institute English Language Center, ATTN: LEAC, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas 78236-5000.
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The American Language Course (ALC) contains copyrighted material. Reproduction of this publication is not authorized without the expressed written permission of the owners of the copyrights.
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Previous January 1990 Edition will be used until exhausted.
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i
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<div page-break="true"></div>
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<div page-break="true"></div>
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**NOTES TO THE STUDENT**
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The Student Text for Book 7, Level II, has four lessons and one review lesson, daily evaluations and homework assignments, and various appendixes.
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The homework and evaluation exercises are at the back of this text. The evaluation exercises are short quizzes and will be given after each lesson is completed. The daily homework assignments will require about two hours to complete.
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The appendixes are after the fifth lesson. Appendix A is an alphabetical list of the new vocabulary presented in this book. Next to the word is the number of the lesson where the word is introduced. Appendix B is a list of the grammar structures presented in this book. Next to the structure is the number of the lesson where the structure is presented. The rest of the appendixes are reference materials.
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The American Language Course focuses on four areas:
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1. **Function**
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The functions are the ways we use a language to communicate. There are exercises in the lessons that show you how and when to use certain words, phrases, and sentences in a particular situation.
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2. **Grammar**
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The grammar structures in the lesson are the forms you need to speak and write correctly.
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3. **Skills**
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There are exercises in the lessons to help you improve your skill or ability in listening, speaking, reading or writing.
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4. **Vocabulary**
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The words and expressions presented in the lesson are those you will need to do the functions and the grammar exercises.
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The first page of each lesson is the focus page. It provides a summary of the material that will be presented in the lesson.
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iii
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<div page-break="true"></div>
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---
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# CONTENTS
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| Lesson | Title | Page |
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|---|---|---|
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| Lesson 1 | What's This Shape Called? | 1 |
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| Lesson 2 | Do You Understand This? | 39 |
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| Lesson 3 | We Sent You a Postcard | 75 |
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| Lesson 4 | The Furniture Is Pretty. | 113 |
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| Lesson 5 | Don't Make a Mistake. | 147 |
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| Appendix A | Word List | A-1 |
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| Appendix B | Structure List | B-1 |
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| Appendix C | Principal Parts/Irregular Verbs | C-1 |
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| Appendix D | Patterns of Irregular Verbs | D-1 |
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| Appendix E | Verb Forms | E-1 |
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| Appendix F | Punctuation and Capitalization | F-1 |
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| Homework | | HW-1 |
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| Evaluation | | EE-1 |
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<!-- source file: 007.md -->
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Appendix A
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**WORD LIST**
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above, 3
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absent, 3
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add, 2
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alike, 1
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animal, 3
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any, 2
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armchair, 4
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around, 3
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back (j, n), 3
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backyard, 3
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below, 3
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bird, 3
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bookcase, 4
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both (j), 1
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both (r), 2
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bottom, 2
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by, 3
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cabinet, 4
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can opener, 4
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carpet, 4
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cat, 3
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ceiling, 4
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center, 2
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circle (n), 1
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circumference, 2
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climb, 3
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coffee table, 4
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compare, 1
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couch, 4
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count (v), 2
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curtain, 4
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curved, 2
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describe, 1
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description, 1
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diameter, 2
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divide (into), 2
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divided by ($\div$ ; / ; $\overline{)\ \ } $ ), 2
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dog, 3
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draw, 1
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drawer, 4
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each, 2
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earth, 3
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easy, 2
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edge, 1
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end table, 4
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equal (=), 2
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error, 2
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explain, 2
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explanation, 2
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fan, 4
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fast, 1
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faucet, 4
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fence, 3
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floor, 4
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flower, 3
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front (j), 3
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front (n), 3
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furniture, 4
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garage, 3
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gate, 3
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grass, 3
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half/halves, 2
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hard, 2
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heavy, 2
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high, 3
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hill, 3
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into, 2
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(It/This) is called (...), 1
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job, 1
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keep/kept, 4
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kitchen, 4
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lamp, 4
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land (n), 3
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lay/laid (down), 4
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leaf/leaves, 3
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light, 2
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like, 1
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line, 1
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<br>
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little, 1
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living room, 4
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low, 3
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make/made a mistake, 2
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math, 1
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mathematics, 1
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minus (-), 2
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mistake, 1
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moon, 3
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more, 2
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multiplied by (x), 2
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multiply/multiplied, 2
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narrow, 1
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next to, 3
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often, 4
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opposite, 1
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other (j), 1
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other (r), 2
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outlet, 4
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over, 3
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pan, 4
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past (j), 3
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past (n), 3
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plug, 4
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plug in, 4
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plus (+), 2
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pot, 4
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present (j), 3
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present (n), 3
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pretty, 4
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price, 2
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problem, 2
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radius, 2
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rear (j), 3
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rear (n), 3
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rectangle, 1
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refrigerator, 4
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river, 3
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roof, 3
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round, 1
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rug, 4
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run/ran, 3
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seldom, 4
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shape, 1
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shelf/shelves, 4
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side, 1
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sink, 4
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slow, 1
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sofa, 4
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some, 2
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square, 1
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star, 3
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stove, 4
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straight, 2
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strong, 1
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subtract, 2
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than, 2
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times (x), 2
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top, 2
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total, 2
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triangle, 1
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ugly, 4
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understand/understood, 2
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use, 4
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usually, 4
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weak, 1
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What does (noun/pronoun) look like?, 1
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What is (the teacher) like?, 1
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What's (it/this/etc.) called?, 1
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wide, 1
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world, 3
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yard, 3
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---
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<!-- source file: 008 - Appendix B.md -->
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# Appendix B
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## STRUCTURE LIST
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| | | |
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|---|---|---|
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| **Adjectives:** | **Comparisons:** -er + than, 2 |
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| **Adjectives:** | **Comparisons:** superlative -est, 3 |
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| **Adjectives:** | **Indefinite:** both, other, 1 |
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| **Adjectives:** | **Modification position:** before nouns, 1 |
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| **Adverbs:** | **Interrogative:** how + adj (How old... ?), 3 |
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| **Patterns:** | USE + N/P + for + gerund, 4 |
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| | USE + N/P + infinitive, 4 |
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| **Pronouns:** | **Indefinite:** any/both/other/some, 2 |
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<!-- source file: 009 - Appendix C.md -->
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# Appendix C
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## PRINCIPAL PARTS OF CERTAIN IRREGULAR VERBS
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| Present | Past | Past Participle | Present | Past | Past Participle |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| arise | arose | arisen | flee | fled | fled |
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| awake | awoke | awakened | fly | flew | flown |
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| | | | forget | forgot | forgotten |
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| be | was | been | forgive | forgave | forgiven |
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| bear | bore | borne | freeze | froze | frozen |
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| beat | beat | beaten | | | |
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| become | became | become | get | got | gotten(got) |
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| begin | began | begun | give | gave | given |
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| bend | bent | bent | grind | ground | ground |
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| bet | bet | bet | grow | grew | grown |
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| bind | bound | bound | | | |
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| bid | bid | bid | hang | hung | hung |
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| bite | bit | bitten | have | had | had |
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| bleed | bled | bled | hear | heard | heard |
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| blow | blew | blown | hide | hid | hidden |
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| break | broke | broken | hit | hit | hit |
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| bring | brought | brought | hold | held | held |
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| build | built | built | hurt | hurt | hurt |
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| burst | burst | burst | | | |
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| buy | bought | bought | keep | kept | kept |
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| | | | know | knew | known |
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| cast | cast | cast | | | |
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| catch | caught | caught | lay | laid | laid |
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| choose | chose | chosen | lead | led | led |
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| come | came | come | leave | left | left |
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| cost | cost | cost | lend | lent | lent |
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| creep | crept | crept | let | let | let |
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| cut | cut | cut | lie | lay | lain |
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| | | | light | lit | lit(lighted) |
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| deal | dealt | dealt | lose | lost | lost |
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| dig | dug | dug | | | |
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| do | did | done | make | made | made |
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| draw | drew | drawn | mean | meant | meant |
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| drink | drank | drunk | meet | met | met |
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| drive | drove | driven | | | |
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| | | | pay | paid | paid |
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| eat | ate | eaten | put | put | put |
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| | | | | | |
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| fall | fell | fallen | quit | quit | quit |
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| feed | fed | fed | | | |
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| feel | felt | felt | read | read | read |
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| fight | fought | fought | ride | rode | ridden |
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| find | found | found | ring | rang | rung |
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## IRREGULAR VERBS (Continued)
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| Present | Past | Past Participle | Present | Past | Past Participle |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| rise | rose | risen | wake | woke (waked) | woke (waked) |
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| run | ran | run | wear | wore | worn |
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| | | | weave | wove | woven |
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| say | said | said | weep | wept | wept |
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| see | saw | seen | wet | wet | wet |
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| seek | sought | sought | win | won | won |
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| shake | shook | shaken | wind | wound | wound |
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| sell | sold | sold | wring | wrung | wrung |
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| send | sent | sent | write | wrote | written |
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| set | set | set | | | |
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| shed | shed | shed | | | |
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| shine | shone | shone | | | |
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| shoot | shot | shot | | | |
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| show | showed | shown | | | |
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| shrink | shrank | shrunk | | | |
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| shut | shut | shut | | | |
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| sing | sang | sung | | | |
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| sink | sank | sunk | | | |
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| sit | sat | sat | | | |
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| sleep | slept | slept | | | |
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| slide | slid | slid | | | |
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| slit | slit | slit | | | |
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| speak | spoke | spoken | | | |
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| spend | spent | spent | | | |
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| spin | spun | spun | | | |
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| split | split | split | | | |
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| spread | spread | spread | | | |
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| spring | sprang | sprung | | | |
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| stand | stood | stood | | | |
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| steal | stole | stolen | | | |
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| stick | stuck | stuck | | | |
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| sting | stung | stung | | | |
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| strike | struck | struck | | | |
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| string | strung | strung | | | |
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| swear | swore | sworn | | | |
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| sweep | swept | swept | | | |
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| swim | swam | swum | | | |
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| swing | swung | swung | | | |
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| | | | | | |
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| take | took | taken | | | |
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| teach | taught | taught | | | |
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| tear | tore | torn | | | |
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| tell | told | told | | | |
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| think | thought | thought | | | |
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| throw | threw | thrown | | | |
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| | | | | | |
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| understand | understood | understood | | | |
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<!-- source file: 010 - Appendix D.md -->
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# Appendix D
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## PATTERNS OF IRREGULAR VERBS
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### 1. <u>Three Principal Parts the Same</u>
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| | | | | | |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| hit | hit | hit | bid | bid | bid |
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| quit | quit | quit | | | |
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| split | split | split | hurt | hurt | hurt |
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| | | | burst | burst | burst |
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| bet | bet | bet | | | |
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| let | let | let | cost | cost | cost |
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| set | set | set | | | |
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| | | | shed | shed | shed |
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| put | put | put | spread | spread | spread |
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| cut | cut | cut | | | |
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| shut | shut | shut | cast | cast | cast |
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### 2. <u>Last Two Principal Parts the Same</u>
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#### a. <u>Final Consonant Change Only</u>
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| | | | | | |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| have | had | had | bend | bent | bent |
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| make | made | made | spend | spent | spent |
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| | | | send | sent | sent |
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| build | built | built | | | |
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#### b. <u>Vowel Change Only</u>
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| | | | | | |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| meet | met | met | | | |
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| read | read | read | | | |
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| bleed | bled | bled | | | |
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| feed | fed | fed | | | |
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| lead | led | led | | | |
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| | | | | | |
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| light | lit | lit | | | |
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| slide | slid | slid | | | |
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| sit | sat | sat | | | |
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| shoot | shot | shot | | | |
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| hold | held | held | | | |
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| win | won | won | | | |
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| shine | shone | shone | | | |
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| | | | | | |
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| find | found | found | | | |
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| wind | wound | wound | | | |
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| bind | bound | bound | | | |
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| | | | | | |
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| dig | dug | dug | | | |
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| stick | stuck | stuck | | | |
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| strike | struck | struck | | | |
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#### c. <u>Vowel Change - Addition of -t or -d</u>
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| | | | | | |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| sleep | slept | slept | mean | meant | meant |
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| keep | kept | kept | leave | left | left |
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| creep | crept | crept | flee | fled | fled |
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| weep | wept | wept | | | |
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| | | | tell | told | told |
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| think | thought | thought | sell | sold | sold |
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| teach | taught | taught | | | |
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| buy | bought | bought | lose | lost | lost |
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| catch | caught | caught | | | |
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| fight | fought | fought | hear | heard | heard |
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| seek | sought | sought | understand | understood | understood |
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### 3. <u>Three Principal Parts Differ to Some Extent</u>
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#### a. <u>No Similarity</u>
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| | | |
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|---|---|---|
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| be | was | been |
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| go | went | gone |
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| do | did | done |
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#### b. <u>Vowel Change--Addition of -n</u>
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| | | | | | |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| arise | arose | arisen | ride | rode | ridden |
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| drive | drove | driven | rise | rose | risen |
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| fly | flew | flown | | | |
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#### c. <u>Vowel Change--No -n</u>
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| | | | | | |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| sing | sang | sung | swim | swam | swum |
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| ring | rang | rung | | | |
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| drink | drank | drunk | begin | began | begun |
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#### d. <u>First and Third Vowels Similar</u>
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| | | | | | |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| blow | blew | blown | run | ran | run |
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| know | knew | known | come | came | come |
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| grow | grew | grown | | | |
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| throw | threw | thrown | eat | ate | eaten |
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| | | | give | gave | given |
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| | | | see | saw | seen |
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| | | | draw | drew | drawn |
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#### e. <u>Second and Third Vowels Similar</u>
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||
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| | | | | | |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| break | broke | broken | tear | tore | torn |
|
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| speak | spoke | spoken | wear | wore | worn |
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| choose | chose | chosen | swear | swore | sworn |
|
||
| steal | stole | stolen | bear | bore | born |
|
||
| | | | | | |
|
||
| | | | get | got | got (gotten) |
|
||
| | | | forget | forgot | forgotten |
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
Appendix E
|
||
|
||
# VERB FORMS
|
||
|
||
(These are examples of standard conjugations.)
|
||
|
||
<u>Verb: To Be (Be: Simple Form)</u>
|
||
|
||
### Present Tense
|
||
|
||
| | |
|
||
|---|---|
|
||
| I am | we were |
|
||
| you are | you are |
|
||
| he, she, it is | they are |
|
||
|
||
### Present Perfect Tense
|
||
|
||
| | |
|
||
|---|---|
|
||
| I have been | we have been |
|
||
| you have been | you have been |
|
||
| he has been | they have been |
|
||
|
||
### Past Tense
|
||
|
||
| | |
|
||
|---|---|
|
||
| I was | we were |
|
||
| you were | you were |
|
||
| he was | they were |
|
||
|
||
### Past Perfect Tense
|
||
|
||
| | |
|
||
|---|---|
|
||
| I had been | we had been |
|
||
| you had been | you had been |
|
||
| he had been | they had been |
|
||
|
||
### Future Tense\*
|
||
|
||
| | |
|
||
|---|---|
|
||
| I will be | we will be |
|
||
| you will be | you will be |
|
||
| he will be | they were |
|
||
|
||
### Future Perfect Tense\*
|
||
|
||
| | |
|
||
|---|---|
|
||
| I will have been | we will have been |
|
||
| you will have been | you will have been |
|
||
| he will have been | they will have been |
|
||
|
||
<u>Verb: to walk (Walk: Simple Form)</u>
|
||
|
||
### Present Tense
|
||
|
||
| | |
|
||
|---|---|
|
||
| I walk | we walk |
|
||
| you walk | you walk |
|
||
| he, she, it walks | they walk |
|
||
|
||
### Present Perfect Tense
|
||
|
||
| | |
|
||
|---|---|
|
||
| I have walked | we have walked |
|
||
| you have walked | you have walked |
|
||
| he has walked | they have walked |
|
||
|
||
### Past Tense
|
||
|
||
| | |
|
||
|---|---|
|
||
| I walked | we walked |
|
||
| you walked | you walked |
|
||
| he walked | they walked |
|
||
|
||
### Past Perfect Tense
|
||
|
||
| | |
|
||
|---|---|
|
||
| I had walked | we had walked |
|
||
| you had walked | you had walked |
|
||
| he had walked | they had walked |
|
||
|
||
\* shall may be used, but it's less common.
|
||
|
||
E-1
|
||
|
||
<u>Verb: To Walk (Continued)</u>
|
||
|
||
### Future Tense\*
|
||
|
||
| | |
|
||
|---|---|
|
||
| I will walk | we will walk |
|
||
| you will walk | you will walk |
|
||
| he will walk | they will walk |
|
||
|
||
### Future Perfect Tense\*
|
||
|
||
| | |
|
||
|---|---|
|
||
| I will have walked | we will have walked |
|
||
| you will have walked | you will have walked |
|
||
| he will have walked | they will have walked |
|
||
|
||
<u>Verb: To Walk (Progressive Form)</u>
|
||
|
||
### Present Tense
|
||
|
||
| | |
|
||
|---|---|
|
||
| I am walking | we are walking |
|
||
| you are walking | you are walking |
|
||
| he, she, it is walking | they are walking |
|
||
|
||
### Past Tense
|
||
|
||
| | |
|
||
|---|---|
|
||
| I was walking | we were walking |
|
||
| you were walking | you were walking |
|
||
| he was walking | they were walking |
|
||
|
||
### Future Tense\*
|
||
|
||
| | |
|
||
|---|---|
|
||
| I will be walking | we will be walking |
|
||
| you will be walking | you will be walking |
|
||
| he will be walking | they will be walking |
|
||
|
||
### Present Prefect Tense
|
||
|
||
| | |
|
||
|---|---|
|
||
| I have been walking | we have been walking |
|
||
| you have been walking | you have been walking |
|
||
| he has been walking | they have been walking |
|
||
|
||
### Past Perfect Tense
|
||
|
||
| | |
|
||
|---|---|
|
||
| I had been walking | we had been walking |
|
||
| you had been walking | you had been walking |
|
||
| he had been walking | they had been walking |
|
||
|
||
\* see page E-1
|
||
|
||
E-2
|
||
|
||
<u>Verb: To Walk (Continued)</u>
|
||
|
||
### Future Perfect Tense\*
|
||
|
||
| | |
|
||
|---|---|
|
||
| I will have been walking | we will have been walking |
|
||
| you will have been walking | you will have been walking |
|
||
| he will have been walking | they will have been walking |
|
||
|
||
<u>Verb: To See (Passive Voice)</u>
|
||
|
||
### Present Tense
|
||
|
||
| | |
|
||
|---|---|
|
||
| I am seen | we are seen |
|
||
| you are seen | you are seen |
|
||
| he, she, it is seen | they are seen |
|
||
|
||
### Past Tense
|
||
|
||
| | |
|
||
|---|---|
|
||
| I was seen | we were seen |
|
||
| you were seen | you were seen |
|
||
| he was seen | they were seen |
|
||
|
||
### Future Tense\*
|
||
|
||
| | |
|
||
|---|---|
|
||
| I will be seen | we will be seen |
|
||
| you will be seen | you will be seen |
|
||
| he will be seen | they will be seen |
|
||
|
||
### Present Perfect Tense
|
||
|
||
| | |
|
||
|---|---|
|
||
| I have been seen | we have been seen |
|
||
| you have been seen | you have been seen |
|
||
| he has been seen | they have been seen |
|
||
|
||
### Past Perfect Tense
|
||
|
||
| | |
|
||
|---|---|
|
||
| I had been seen | we had been seen |
|
||
| you had been seen | you had been seen |
|
||
| he had been seen | they had been seen |
|
||
|
||
\* see page E-1
|
||
|
||
E-3
|
||
|
||
<u>Verb: To See (Continued)</u>
|
||
|
||
### Future Perfect Tense\*
|
||
|
||
| | |
|
||
|---|---|
|
||
| I will have been seen | we will have been seen |
|
||
| you will have been seen | you will have been seen |
|
||
| he will have been seen | they will have been seen |
|
||
|
||
<u>Verb: To Be (Subjunctive Mood)</u>
|
||
(used in conditional or contrary-to-the-fact situations)
|
||
|
||
| | |
|
||
|---|---|
|
||
| (If) I were | (If) we were |
|
||
| (If) you were | (If) you were |
|
||
| (If) he, she, it were | (If) they were |
|
||
|
||
\* see page E-1
|
||
|
||
E-4
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- source file: 011 - Punctuation and Capitalization.md -->
|
||
|
||
Appendix F
|
||
|
||
# Punctuation and Capitalization
|
||
|
||
## Punctuation
|
||
|
||
### A. PERIOD (.)
|
||
|
||
1. Use a period at the end of a statement or command.
|
||
|
||
The pen and paper are on the table.
|
||
Go to the chalkboard and write your name.
|
||
|
||
2. Use a period after an abbreviation or an initial. Abbreviated military ranks do not require a period.
|
||
|
||
Feb. (February)
|
||
Dr. Smith (Doctor Smith)
|
||
J. Jones (John Jones)
|
||
Mr. Brown
|
||
Mrs. White
|
||
Ms. Little
|
||
a.m.
|
||
p.m.
|
||
|
||
### B. QUESTION MARK (?)
|
||
|
||
1. Use a question mark after a question. Sometimes the question may be written like a statement.
|
||
|
||
How many children are in your family?
|
||
He's here today?
|
||
|
||
### C. EXCLAMATION MARK (!)
|
||
|
||
1. Use an exclamation mark after words, sentences, or expressions that show excitement, surprise, or emotion. Any exclamation, even if not a sentence, will end with an exclamation mark.
|
||
|
||
What a game!
|
||
Wow!
|
||
Look out!
|
||
Oh!
|
||
Do it!
|
||
|
||
### D. QUOTATION MARKS (" ")
|
||
|
||
1. Use quotation marks to show the words of a speaker. They're always placed above the line and are used in pairs.
|
||
|
||
John said, "The commissary closes at 2100 hours today."
|
||
"Where are the children?" she asked.
|
||
|
||
F-1
|
||
|
||
2. If the words of the speaker are divided into two parts, use quotation marks around both parts.
|
||
|
||
"Do you," she asked, "go to the library after class?"
|
||
|
||
3. Use quotation marks around the titles of chapters, articles, parts of books and magazines, short poems, short stories, and songs.
|
||
|
||
Last night I read the chapter "Grammar Is Easy" in our book. Then I read the article "Learning English" in the newspaper.
|
||
|
||
### E. APOSTROPHE (')
|
||
|
||
1. Use an apostrophe in contractions.
|
||
|
||
| | | |
|
||
|---|---|---|
|
||
| I'm | she's | they're |
|
||
| isn't | aren't | can't |
|
||
| what's | where's | Bob's |
|
||
|
||
o'clock (of the clock)
|
||
|
||
2. Use an apostrophe to indicate possession.
|
||
|
||
a. If the noun is singular, add <u>'s</u>.
|
||
Bill's book
|
||
the girl's coat
|
||
|
||
b. When the noun is plural, add <u>'s</u> if the plural does not end in <u>s</u>.
|
||
the children's clothes
|
||
the men's shirts
|
||
|
||
c. If the plural noun ends in <u>s</u>, add only an apostrophe.
|
||
the boys' shoes
|
||
the libraries' books
|
||
|
||
### F. COMMA (,)
|
||
|
||
1. Use commas to separate items in a series.
|
||
|
||
We ate sandwiches, potato chips, and fruit for lunch.
|
||
She looked behind the chairs, under the bed, and in the kitchen for her notebook.
|
||
|
||
F-2
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
2. Use a comma before the conjunctions <u>and</u>, <u>but</u>, <u>or</u>, <u>nor</u>, <u>for</u>, <u>yet</u> when they join independent clauses.
|
||
|
||
We lived in Venezuela for three years, and then we returned to the United States.
|
||
|
||
Frank can speak Chinese well, but he can't read it.
|
||
|
||
3. Use a comma after an introductory clause or phrase to separate it from the rest of the sentence.
|
||
|
||
After we study this book, we want to take a break.
|
||
Because John was sick, he didn't take the test.
|
||
|
||
Looking up at the sky, the small boy suddenly ran home.
|
||
|
||
4. Use a comma after words such as <u>yes</u>, <u>no</u>, <u>well</u> when they begin a sentence.
|
||
|
||
Do you want to go to the library?
|
||
Yes, I do.
|
||
|
||
I didn't pass the test.
|
||
Well, study more.
|
||
|
||
5. Use commas to separate the words of a speaker from the rest of the sentence.
|
||
|
||
"Listen to me," she said.
|
||
Jack asked, "Where's my lunch?"
|
||
"I don't know," said John, "the answer to the question."
|
||
|
||
6. Use a comma in dates and addresses.
|
||
|
||
June 9, 1970
|
||
143 Main Street, Los Angeles, California
|
||
|
||
7. Use a comma in figures to separate thousands.
|
||
|
||
5,000 (or 5000)
|
||
10,000
|
||
6,550,000
|
||
|
||
# Capitalization
|
||
|
||
1. Capitalize the first word of a sentence.
|
||
|
||
The boy stood up and walked outside.
|
||
Your book is behind the chair.
|
||
|
||
2. Capitalize the names of people, cities, states, countries, and languages.
|
||
|
||
| | | | |
|
||
|---|---|---|---|
|
||
| Mark | Bill | Mary | Linda |
|
||
| San Antonio | Chicago | Houston | London |
|
||
| Texas | California | Florida | New York |
|
||
| Spain | United States | Canada | Venezuela |
|
||
| Arabic | Chinese | Russian | English |
|
||
|
||
3. Capitalize the names of schools, streets, buildings, bridges, companies, and organizations.
|
||
|
||
Defense Language Institute
|
||
University of Chicago
|
||
Main Street
|
||
Clark Avenue
|
||
Empire State Building
|
||
Golden Gate Bridge
|
||
Ford Motor Company
|
||
General Motors
|
||
National Football League
|
||
|
||
4. Capitalize the days of the week, months of the year, and holidays.
|
||
|
||
| | | |
|
||
|---|---|---|
|
||
| Sunday | Monday | Tuesday |
|
||
| June | July | August |
|
||
| Christmas | Easter | Thanksgiving |
|
||
|
||
5. Capitalize titles and military ranks before names.
|
||
|
||
Gen Roberts
|
||
Capt Smith
|
||
Sgt Jones
|
||
Professor Land
|
||
President Lincoln
|
||
|
||
6. Capitalize the pronoun "I."
|
||
|
||
I can't go with you.
|
||
I'm happy to see you again.
|
||
|
||
7. Capitalize the first word of every direct quotation.
|
||
|
||
She asked, "Can I sit here?"
|
||
"We saw her," said John, "at the University."
|
||
|
||
FİYATI : 4.500 TL.
|
||
|
||
---
|